Вестник Казахского национального женского педагогического университета.
ОСТАТЬСЯ ИЛИ УЕХАТЬ? ОБРАТНАЯ МИГРАЦИЯ ИЛИ НАТУРАЛИЗАЦИЯ: КЕЙС СТАДИ ТУРКМЕНСКИХ СТУДЕНТОВ В АЛМАТЫ
Аннотация
В статье исследуются процессы принятия решений туркменскими студентами в городе Алматы, с особым акцентом на то, решают ли они остаться в Казахстане или вернуться в Туркменистан. Рассматриваются сложные факторы, влияющие на их решения, особенно среди тех, кто получает высшее образование в университетах Алматы. В ходе исследования были опрошены 44 респондента, (33 женщины и 11 мужчин), чтобы изучить преобладающие тенденции в принятии решений в рамках этой демографической группы. Используя ряд вычислительных методов, это исследование проливает свет на сложное взаимодействие факторов, влияющих на решения о миграции и натурализации туркменских студентов, предлагая ценную информацию о динамике обратной миграции в регионе.
Наиболее важным выводом этого исследования является то, что социокультурные факторы, особенно чувство принадлежности к принимающей стране, играют первостепенную роль в формировании решений туркмен. Вопреки распространенным предположениям, экономические и политические факторы, по-видимому, оказывают меньшее влияние. Этот результат бросает вызов преобладающим представлениям о миграции из Центральной Азии, где экономические возможности часто воспринимаются как основной мотиватор.
Список литературы
1. Bijwaard, G. E., & Wang, Q. (2016). Return Migration of Foreign Students. European Journal of Population, 32, 31–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-015-9360-2
2. Carling, J., & Pettersen, S. V. (2014). Return Migration Intentions in the Integration–Transnationalism Matrix. International Migration, 52(6), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12161
3. Dustmann, C., Bentolila, S., & Faini, R. (1996). Return Migration: The European Experience. Economic Policy, 11(22), 213. https://doi.org/10.2307/1344525
4. Electronic Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (December 12, 2022). Kazakh citizenship acquisition regulations. https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/how_to_become_kz_citizen
5. Erdal, M. B. (2011). ‘A Place to Stay in Pakistan’: Why Migrants Build Houses in their Country of Origin. Population, Space and Place, 18(5), 629–641. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1694
6. Erdal, M. B. (2013). Migrant Transnationalism and Multi-Layered Integration: Norwegian-Pakistani Migrants’ Own Reflections. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 983–999. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2013.765665
7. Fernandez-Reino, M., & Sumption, M. (2022, May 9). Citizenship and naturalisation for migrants in the UK. Migration Observatory. https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/citizenship-and-naturalisation-for-migr ants-in-the-uk/
8. Gmelch, G. (1980). Return Migration. Annual Review of Anthropology, 9, 135–159. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2155732
9. Hoxhaj, R., Vink, M., & Breuer, T. (2020). Immigrant Naturalisation, Employment and Occupational Status in Western Europe. Frontiers in Sociology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.00070
10. Hofmann, E. T. (2017). Labor market integration of returned educational migrants in Turkmenistan. Post-Soviet Affairs, 34(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586x.2017.1418615
11. JJ TV Kazakhstan. (2021 October). How Many Turkmens Live in Kazakhstan? Retrieved from https://jjtv.kz/en/programms/connecting-cultures/13855-how-many-turkmens-live-in-kazakhstan
12. Khashimov, S., Zhandayeva, R., Nuranova, K., & Aisarina, Z. (2022, May 11). Introducing the Central Asia Migration Tracker. The Oxus Society for Central Asian Affairs. https://oxussociety.org/introducing-the-central-asia-migration-tracker/
13. Kursiv Media. (2022, May 24). Kazakhstan Reports Surge in Migration. Retrieved from https://kz.kursiv.media/en/2022-05-24/kazakhstan-reports-surge-in-migration
14. Lu, Y., Zong, L., & Schissel, B. (2009). To Stay or Return: Migration Intentions of Students from People’s Republic of China in Saskatchewan, Canada. International Migration & Integration, 10, 283–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-009-0103-2
15. Migrants & Refugees Section, Vatican News. (October 2020). Turkmenistan Country Profile. Retrieved from https://migrants-refugees.va/country-profile/turkmenistan/
16. Palwanova, O. (2022, August 3). The Development Potential of Turkmen Diasporas. Progres.Online. Retrieved February 20, 2023, from https://progres.online/en/society/the-development-potential-of-turkmen-diasporas/
17. Passel, J. S. (2007, March 28). Growing Share of Immigrants Choosing Naturalization. Pew Research Center’s Hispanic Trends Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2007/03/28/growing-share-of-immigrants-choosing-natur alization/
18. Peters, F., Vink, M. P., & Schmeets, H. (2016). The ecology of immigrant naturalisation: a life course approach in the context of institutional conditions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(3), 359–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2015.1103173
19. Robertson, S. K. (May 2008). Residency, citizenship and belongingness: Choice and uncertainty for students turned migrants in Australia. International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies: IJAPS, 4(1), 97–119. https://ijaps.usm.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/shanti.pdf
20. Ualikhanova, A. (2023, February 21). Kazakhstan Grants Citizenship to More Than 22,000 People in 2022 - The Astana Times. The Astana Times. https://astanatimes.com/2023/02/kazakhstan-grants-citizenship-to-more-than-22000-people-in-20 22/
Bulletin of Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University.
Should I stay or should I go? Return migration or naturalisation: Case study of Turkmen students in Almaty
Abstract
This research investigates the decision-making processes of Turkmen students in Almaty, with a specific focus on whether they choose to remain in Kazakhstan or return to Turkmenistan. It delves into the intricate factors influencing their decisions, especially among those pursuing higher education in Almaty's universities. The study surveyed 44 respondents, comprising 33 females and 11 males, to explore the prevailing trends in decision-making within this demographic. Employing a range of computational methods, this research sheds light on the complex interplay of factors impacting the migration and naturalisation decisions of Turkmen students, offering valuable insights into the dynamics of return migration in the region.
The most crucial finding of this research is that socio-cultural factors, particularly the sense of belongingness in the host country, play a paramount role in shaping the decisions of Turkmens. Contrary to common assumptions, economic and political factors appear to be less influential. This result challenges prevailing beliefs about Central Asian migration, where economic opportunities are often perceived as the primary motivator.
References
1. Bijwaard, G. E., & Wang, Q. (2016). Return Migration of Foreign Students. European Journal of Population, 32, 31–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-015-9360-2
2. Carling, J., & Pettersen, S. V. (2014). Return Migration Intentions in the Integration–Transnationalism Matrix. International Migration, 52(6), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12161
3. Dustmann, C., Bentolila, S., & Faini, R. (1996). Return Migration: The European Experience. Economic Policy, 11(22), 213. https://doi.org/10.2307/1344525
4. Electronic Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (December 12, 2022). Kazakh citizenship acquisition regulations. https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/how_to_become_kz_citizen
5. Erdal, M. B. (2011). ‘A Place to Stay in Pakistan’: Why Migrants Build Houses in their Country of Origin. Population, Space and Place, 18(5), 629–641. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1694
6. Erdal, M. B. (2013). Migrant Transnationalism and Multi-Layered Integration: Norwegian-Pakistani Migrants’ Own Reflections. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 983–999. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2013.765665
7. Fernandez-Reino, M., & Sumption, M. (2022, May 9). Citizenship and naturalisation for migrants in the UK. Migration Observatory. https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/citizenship-and-naturalisation-for-migr ants-in-the-uk/
8. Gmelch, G. (1980). Return Migration. Annual Review of Anthropology, 9, 135–159. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2155732
9. Hoxhaj, R., Vink, M., & Breuer, T. (2020). Immigrant Naturalisation, Employment and Occupational Status in Western Europe. Frontiers in Sociology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.00070
10. Hofmann, E. T. (2017). Labor market integration of returned educational migrants in Turkmenistan. Post-Soviet Affairs, 34(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586x.2017.1418615
11. JJ TV Kazakhstan. (2021 October). How Many Turkmens Live in Kazakhstan? Retrieved from https://jjtv.kz/en/programms/connecting-cultures/13855-how-many-turkmens-live-in-kazakhstan
12. Khashimov, S., Zhandayeva, R., Nuranova, K., & Aisarina, Z. (2022, May 11). Introducing the Central Asia Migration Tracker. The Oxus Society for Central Asian Affairs. https://oxussociety.org/introducing-the-central-asia-migration-tracker/
13. Kursiv Media. (2022, May 24). Kazakhstan Reports Surge in Migration. Retrieved from https://kz.kursiv.media/en/2022-05-24/kazakhstan-reports-surge-in-migration
14. Lu, Y., Zong, L., & Schissel, B. (2009). To Stay or Return: Migration Intentions of Students from People’s Republic of China in Saskatchewan, Canada. International Migration & Integration, 10, 283–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-009-0103-2
15. Migrants & Refugees Section, Vatican News. (October 2020). Turkmenistan Country Profile. Retrieved from https://migrants-refugees.va/country-profile/turkmenistan/
16. Palwanova, O. (2022, August 3). The Development Potential of Turkmen Diasporas. Progres.Online. Retrieved February 20, 2023, from https://progres.online/en/society/the-development-potential-of-turkmen-diasporas/
17. Passel, J. S. (2007, March 28). Growing Share of Immigrants Choosing Naturalization. Pew Research Center’s Hispanic Trends Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2007/03/28/growing-share-of-immigrants-choosing-natur alization/
18. Peters, F., Vink, M. P., & Schmeets, H. (2016). The ecology of immigrant naturalisation: a life course approach in the context of institutional conditions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(3), 359–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2015.1103173
19. Robertson, S. K. (May 2008). Residency, citizenship and belongingness: Choice and uncertainty for students turned migrants in Australia. International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies: IJAPS, 4(1), 97–119. https://ijaps.usm.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/shanti.pdf
20. Ualikhanova, A. (2023, February 21). Kazakhstan Grants Citizenship to More Than 22,000 People in 2022 - The Astana Times. The Astana Times. https://astanatimes.com/2023/02/kazakhstan-grants-citizenship-to-more-than-22000-people-in-20 22/
