Проблемы специфической профилактики африканской чумы свиней

Статья в Elpub

Вопросы вирусологии. 2022; 67: 206-216

Проблемы специфической профилактики африканской чумы свиней

Власова Н. Н., Верховский О. А., Алипер Т. И., Капустина О. В., Алексеев К. П., Южаков А. Г., Гулюкин М. И., Гулюкин А. М.

https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-117

Аннотация

В обзоре представлено современное состояние проблемы разработки и применения средств специфической профилактики африканской чумы свиней (АЧС) с кратким описанием её этиологии и патогенеза. Понимание уникальности природы вируса АЧС определило ряд ограничений и сложность решения проблемы создания вакцины, что стимулировало разработку высокоспецифичных методов диагностики для быстрого и точного выявления возбудителя болезни. В связи с этим приводятся результаты исследований, включая собственные, касающиеся сравнительного анализа генома вакцинных и вирулентных штаммов вируса АЧС, а также иммунодиагностических подходов для определения причин высокой вирулентности и низкой протективной активности этого вируса. Особое внимание уделено вопросу, связанному с разработкой безопасных и эффективных вакцин против АЧС. При этом подробно рассматриваются недостатки и возможные преимущества живых аттенуированных (ЖАВ) и рекомбинантных (РВ) вакцин. Приводятся результаты последних исследований по оценке иммуногенности генетически модифицированных вакцин (ГМВ), созданных в различных лабораториях мира. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что вакцинопрофилактика АЧС в настоящее время является наиболее перспективной мерой борьбы с распространением этой болезни в нашей стране и мире, однако предыдущий опыт вакцинации против АЧС выявил ряд проблем её разработки и применения. Отмечен значительный вклад зарубежных исследователей в изучение основ вирулентности этого возбудителя и функций его генов. Возможное дальнейшее распространение АЧС в странах Европы и Азии на приграничных с Россией территориях, а также установленный факт распространения вируса АЧС среди диких кабанов свидетельствуют о постоянной угрозе его повторной интродукции в нашу страну. В заключение подчеркнута важность разработки безопасной вакцины против АЧС и анализа рисков создания искусственных источников возбудителя в природе в результате её применения.

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Problems of Virology. 2022; 67: 206-216

Problems of specific prevention of African swine fever

Vlasova N. N., Verkhovsky O. A., Aliper T. I., Kapustina O. V., Alekseev K. P., Yuzhakov A. G., Gulukin M. I., Gulukin A. M.

https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-117

Abstract

This review presents the current state of the problem of development and application of the specific prevention of African swine fever (ASF) with a brief description of its etiology and pathogenesis. The unique nature of the ASF virus (ASFV) determines some limitations and the complexity of solving the problem of vaccine development. Such situation stimulated the development of highly specific diagnostic methods for rapid and accurate detection of the ASFV. In this regard, results of studies, including our own, concerning the comparative analysis of the genome of vaccine and virulent strains of the ASFV, as well as immunodiagnostic approaches to determine causes of high virulence and low protective activity of the ASFV, are briefly presented. Special attention is given to the issue related to the development of safe and effective vaccines against ASF. In this context disadvantages and possible advantages of live attenuated (LAV) and recombinant (RV) vaccines are considered in details. Results of recent studies on the assessment of the immunogenicity of genetically modified vaccines (GMV) which developed in various laboratories around the world are presented. The obtained data indicate that ASF vaccination is currently the most promising measure to stop the spread of this disease in our country and in the world, however, previous experience with ASF vaccination has revealed some problems in its development and application. The significant contribution of foreign researchers to the study of the basics of virulence of this pathogen and the study of its genes functions are noted. The possible further expansion of ASF in Europe and Asia in bordering Russia territories, as well as the established fact of the persistence of ASFV in wild boar population indicate a constant threat of its re-introduction into our country. In conclusion, the importance of developing a safe effective vaccine against ASF and the assessing of the possible risks of creating the artificial sources of the infection in nature as a result of its use is emphasized.

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