Вопросы вирусологии. 2022; 67: 107-114
Антирабические вакцины, применяемые в Российской Федерации, и перспективы их совершенствования
https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-102Аннотация
Бешенство распространено практически повсеместно (за исключением отдельных территорий) и представляет значительную опасность как для животных, так и для человека. Ежегодно во всём мире от этого заболевания погибает около 55 тыс. человек. Только в Российской Федерации за антирабической помощью обращаются ежегодно 400–450 тыс. пациентов. При этом заражение человека в абсолютном большинстве случаев обусловлено контактом с инфицированным животным. В РФ для специфической профилактики бешенства разработаны, зарегистрированы и применяются ряд культуральных инактивированных антирабических вакцин медицинского и ветеринарного назначения. Эти вакцинные препараты показали высокую эффективность в профилактике инфекции у домашних и сельскохозяйственных животных. В то же время основным резервуаром вируса бешенства (Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae: Lyssavirus) (ВБ) являются дикие плотоядные (Mammalia: Carnivora). С целью их оральной иммунизации используют живые вирусные вакцины из аттенуированных (фиксированных) штаммов ВБ, малоустойчивых во внешней среде. В странах Западной Европы и Северной Америки имеется успешный опыт применения рекомбинантных антирабических вакцинных препаратов, содержащих в составе вирусный ген гликопротеина (G-белка). Подобные вакцины безопасны для человека и животных. В России разработана также векторная антирабическая вакцина на основе аденовируса (Adenoviridae), которая может быть использована для борьбы с данной инфекцией. В настоящее время помимо классического бешенства возрастающую роль приобретают заболевания, вызываемые новыми, не известными ранее лиссавирусами (Lyssavirus). Их переносчиками выступают летучие мыши (Mammalia: Microchiroptera). Описаны случаи заболевания и гибели людей после контактов с этими животными. В ближайшей перспективе следует ожидать разработку новых вакцинных препаратов, способных обеспечить защиту не только от ВБ, но и от других лиссавирусов.
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Problems of Virology. 2022; 67: 107-114
Anti-rabies vaccines applied in the Russian Federation and perspectives for their improvement
https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-102Abstract
Rabies is almost ubiquitous (except in certain areas) and poses a significant danger to both animals and humans. Every year around 55,000 people die from this disease worldwide. In the Russian Federation alone 400,000–
450,000 patients annually apply for anti-rabies treatment. In the absolute majority of cases human infection is caused by contact with infected animals. In RF, a number of cultured inactivated anti-rabies vaccines for medical and veterinary purposes have been developed, registered and used for specific prevention of rabies. These vaccine preparations have shown high effectiveness in preventing infection in domestic and farm animals. At the same time, the main reservoir of the rabies virus (Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae: Lyssavirus) (RV) are wild carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora). For the purpose of their oral immunization, live virus vaccines from attenuated (fixed) strains of RV that are little resistant in the external environment are used. In Western Europe and North America there is successful experience with recombinant anti-rabies vaccine preparations containing a viral glycoprotein gene (G-protein). Such vaccines are safe for humans and animals. In Russia also had been developed a vector anti-rabies vaccine based on adenovirus (Adenoviridae), which can be used to combat this infection. Currently, in addition to classical rabies, diseases caused by new, previously unknown lyssaviruses (Lyssavirus) are becoming increasingly important. Bats (Mammalia: Microchiroptera) are their vectors. Cases of illness and death after contact with these animals have been described. In the near future, we should expect the development of new vaccines that will provide protection not only against RV, but also against other lyssaviruses.
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