Вопросы вирусологии. 2022; 67: 18-26
Генетический полиморфизм и распространение пестивирусов (Flaviviridae: Pestivirus) крупного рогатого скота в мире и в Российской Федерации
https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-96Аннотация
Род Pestivirus семейства Flaviviridae включает 11 видов. Пестивирусы крупного рогатого скота (КРС) являются возбудителями вирусной диареи – болезни слизистых (ВД – БС), широко распространённой среди этих животных, и включают 3 генетически различающиеся вида: пестивирус А (bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, BVDV-1), В (BVDV-2) и H (BVDV-3, HoBiPeV). Число субтипов BVDV-1 составляет 21, BVDV-2 – 4 и BVDV-3 – 4. Наличие полиморфизма вирусов затрудняет диагностику вызываемых ими заболеваний, снижает эффективность вакцинации и контрольных программ.
Для поиска научных статей использовали базы данных PubMed, MedLine, Web of Science, Scopus, eLIBRARY.RU за 2000–2021 гг.
Пестивирус А (BVDV-1) характеризуется повсеместным распространением, но чаще регистрируется в странах Европы. Наибольшее количество его субтипов выявлено у КРС в Италии и Китайской Народной Республике (КНР). Вирус широко распространён в Центральном регионе РФ (субтипы 1а и 1m). На территории Сибири среди аборигенных и импортированных животных циркулируют 11 субтипов BVDV-1: 1а (5%), 1b (35%), 1c (5%), 1d (10%), 1f (20%), 1g, 1i (по 2,5%), 1j, 1k, 1p и 1r (по 5%). Пестивирус В (BVDV-2) более вирулентный, встречается реже, преимущественно в Соединённых Штатах Америки (США), Канаде, Бразилии, Аргентине, Уругвае, некоторых странах Европы: Федеративной Республике Германия (ФРГ), Словакии, Италии и Азии (Южная Корея, Япония и Монголия). В Сибирском регионе выявлены 3 его субтипа: 2a (25%), 2b (10%) и 2с (5%). Пестивирус H (BVDV-3) циркулирует на территории Европы, Азии и Южной Америки. Основным путём заноса для этого возбудителя служат контаминированные биологические препараты. В России BVDV-3 итало-бразильской группы (3a) выявлен в 7 лотах эмбриональной сыворотки.
Установлена роль пестивирусов в возникновении респираторных болезней телят, абортов, системных инфекций и энтеритов как у телят, так и у взрослых животных. Источником инфицирования в подобных случаях является контаминированная живая вакцина.
Список литературы
1. ICTV. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Genus: Pestivirus; 2019. Available at: https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/positive-sense-rna-viruses/w/flaviviridae/361/genus-pestivirus (accessed January 18, 2021).
2. Verkhovskaya A.E., Sergeev V.A., Aliper T.I., Ivanov E.V. Features of diagnosis and prevention of viral diarrhea in cattle [Osobennosti diagnostiki i profilaktiki virusnoy diarei krupnogo rogatogo skota]. Veterinariya. 2009; (8): 3–7. (in Russian)
3. Evans C.A., Pinior B., Larska M., Graham D., Schweizer M., Guidarini C., et al. Global knowledge gaps in the prevention and control of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2019; 66(2): 640–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13068
4. Ridpath J.F. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: global status. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2010; 26(1): 105–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.007
5. Simmonds P., Becher P., Bukh J., Gould E.A., Meyers G., Monath T., et al. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Flaviviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 2017; 98(1): 2–3. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000672
6. Brock K.V. The many faces of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2004; 20(1): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.12.002
7. Goyal S.M., Ridpath J.F., eds. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Diagnosis, Management, and Control. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2005.
8. Gard J.A., Givens M.D., Stringfellow D.A. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV): epidemiologic concerns relative to semen and embryos. Theriogenology. 2007; 68(3): 434–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.003
9. Grooms D.L. Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2004; 20(1): 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.11.006
10. O’Rourke K. BVDV: 40 years of effort and the disease still has a firm hold. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2002; 220(12): 1770–3.
11. Decaro N., Lucente M.S., Mari V., Cirone F., Cordioli P., Camero M., et al. Аtypical pestivirus and severe respiratory disease in calves, Europe. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011; 17(8): 1549–52. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1708.101447
12. Decaro N. HoBi-like pestivirus and reproductive disorders. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020; 7: 622447. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.622447
13. Uryvaev L.V., Ionova K.S., Dedova A.V., Dedova L.V., Selivanova T.K., Parasyuk N.A., et al. Analysis of the cell tissue cultures’ contamination with the BVDV virus and mycoplasmas [Analiz kontaminatsii kletochnykh kul’tur pestivirusom BVDV i mikoplazmami]. Voprosy virusologii. 2012; 57(5): 15–21. (in Russian)
14. Glotov A.G., Glotova T.I., Koteneva S.V. On contamination of imported bovine fetal serum with pestiviruses as a factor in the spread of viral diarrhea under conditions of globalization: a mini-review [O kontaminatsii importiruemoy fetal’noy syvorotki krovi krupnogo rogatogo skota pestivirusami kak faktore rasprostraneniya virusnoy diarei v usloviyakh globalizatsii: mini-obzor]. Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya biologiya. 2018; 53(2): 248–57. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2018.2.248rus (in Russian)
15. Koteneva S.V., Maksyutov R.A., Glotova T.I., Glotov A.G. Identification of the cattle atypical pestivirus in biological samples [Identifikatsiya atipichnogo pestivirusa krupnogo rogatogo skota v biologicheskikh obraztsakh]. Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya biologiya. 2017; 52(6): 1259–64. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2017.6.1259rus (in Russian)
16. Makoschey B., van Gelder P.T., Keijsers V., Goovaerts D. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigen in foetal calf serum batches and consequences of such contamination for vaccine production. Biologicals. 2003; 31(3): 203–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1045-1056(03)00058-7
17. Pastoret P.P. Human and animal vaccine contaminations. Biologicals. 2010; 38(3): 332–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.02.015
18. Giangaspero M. Pestivirus species potential adventitious contaminants of biological products. Trop. Med. Surg. 2013; 1(6): 153. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000153
19. Pecora A., Perez Aguirreburualde M.S., Ridpath J.F., Dus Santos M.J. Molecular characterization of pestiviruses in fetal bovine sera originating from Argentina: evidence of circulation of HoBi-like viruses. Front. Vet. Sci. 2019; 6: 359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00359
20. Luzzago C., Decaro N. Epidemiology of bovine pestiviruses circulating in Italy. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021; 8: 669942. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.669942
21. Moennig V., Becher P. Control of bovine viral diarrhea. Pathogens. 2018; 7(1): 29–41. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7010029
22. Glotov A.G., Glotova T.I. Atypical cattle pestiviruses [Atipichnye pestivirusy krupnogo rogatogo skota]. Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya biologiya. 2015; 50(4): 399–408. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2015.4.399rus (in Russian)
23. Bauermann F.V., Ridpath J.F. HoBi-like viruses – the typical ‘atypical bovine pestivirus’. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2015; 16: 64–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S146625231500002X
24. Pinior B., Firth C.L., Richter V., Lebl K., Trauffler M., Dzieciol M., et al. A systematic review of financial and economic assessments of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) prevention and mitigation activities worldwide. Prev. Vet. Med. 2017; 137(Pt. A): 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.014
25. Becher P., Tautz N. RNA recombination in pestiviruses: Cellular RNA sequences in viral genomes highlight the role of host factors for viral persistence and lethal disease. RNA Biol. 2011; 8(2): 216–24. https://doi.org/10.4161/rna.8.2.14514
26. Yeşilbağ K., Alpay G., Becher P. Variability and global distribution of subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Viruses. 2017; 9(6): 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9060128
27. Brock K.V., McCarty K., Chase C.C., Harland R. Protection against fetal infection with either bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 or type 2 using a noncytopathic type 1 modified-live virus vaccine. Vet. Ther. 2006; 7(l): 27–34.
28. Nardelli S., Decaro N., Belfanti I., Lucente M.S., Giammarioli M., Mion M., et al. Do modified live virus vaccines against bovine viral diarrhea induce fetal cross-protection against HoBi-like Pestivirus? Vet. Microbiol. 2021; 260: 109178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109178
29. Glotov A.G., Glotova T.I., Yuzhakov A.G., Zaberezhnyy A.D., Aliper T.I. Isolation of noncytopathogenic genotype 2 bovine viral diarrhea/ mucosal disease virus from the cattle mucosa in the Russian Federation [Vydelenie na territorii Rossiyskoy Federatsii netsitopatogennogo izolyata 2-go genotipa virusa diarei – bolezni slizistykh obolochek krupnogo rogatogo skota]. Voprosy virusologii. 2009; 54(5): 43–7. (in Russian)
30. Akimova O.A., Yuzhakov A.G., Koritskaya M.A., Ivanov E.V., Dzhavadova G.A., Glotov A.G., et al. Isolation and identification of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 3 at a farm in Russian Federation [Vydelenie i identifikatsiya virusa virusnoy diarei krupnogo rogatogo skota 3-go tipa v zhivotnovodcheskom khozyaystve Rossiyskoy Federatsii]. Veterinariya. 2021; (7): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2021.24.7.17-22 (in Russian)
31. Peterhans E., Schweizer M. Pestiviruses: how to outmaneuver your hosts. Vet. Microbiol. 2010; 142(1-2):18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.038
32. Giammarioli M., Ceglie L., Rossi E., Bazzucchi M., Casciari C., Petrini S., et al. Increased genetic diversity of BVDV-1: recent findings and implications thereof. Virus Genes. 2015; 50(1): 147–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-014-1132-2
33. Deng M., Ji S., Fei W., Raza S., He C., Chen Y., et al. Prevalence study and genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in four bovine species in China. PLoS One. 2015; 10(7): e0134777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134777
34. Shul’pin M.I., Ayanot P.K., Mishchenko V.A. Indication of bovine diarrhea virus, genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of isolates identified in the territory of the Russian Federation [Indikatsiya virusa diarei krupnogo rogatogo skota, genotipirovanie i filogeneticheskiy analiz izolyatov, vyyavlennykh na territorii Rossiyskoy Federatsii]. Voprosy virusologii. 2003; 48(5): 41–6. (in Russian)
35. Yurov G.K., Alekseenkova S.V., Dias Jimenez K.A., Neustroev M.P., Yurov K.P. Antigenicty of noncytopathogenic strains of bovine diarrhea/mucosal disease virus [Antigennye svoystva netsitopatogennykh shtammov virusa diarei – bolezni slizistykh krupnogo rogatogo skota]. Rossiyskiy veterinarnyy zhurnal. 2013; (2): 24–6. (in Russian)
36. Koteneva S.V., Nefedchenko A.V., Glotova T.I., Glotov A.G. Genetic polymorphism of the bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease viruses in big dairy farms in Siberia [Geneticheskiy polimorfizm vozbuditelya virusnoy diarei (bolezni slizistykh obolochek) krupnogo rogatogo skota na molochnykh kompleksakh Sibiri]. Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya biologiya. 2018; 53(6): 1238–46. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2018.6.1238rus (in Russian)
37. Glotov A.G., Koteneva S.V., Glotova T.I., Yuzhakov A.G., Maksyutov R.A, Zaberezhnyy A.D. Phylogenetic analysis of bovine pestiviruses detected in Siberia [Filogeneticheskiy analiz pestivirusov krupnogo rogatogo skota, vyyavlennykh v Sibiri]. Voprosy virusologii. 2018; 63(4): 185–91. https://doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-4-185-191 (in Russian)
38. Toplak I., Sandvik T., Barlič-Maganja D., Grom J., Paton D. Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus: most Slovenian isolates are of genotypes 1d and 1f. Vet. Microbiol. 2004; 99(3-4): 175–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.12.004
39. Giammarioli M., Pellegrini C., Casciari C., Rossi E., De Mia G.M. Genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1: Italian isolates clustered in at least seven subgenotypes. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2008; 20(6): 783–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870802000611
40. Yesilbag K., Forster C., Ozyigit M., Alpay G., Tuncer P., Thiel H.J., et al. Characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus BVDV isolates from an outbreak with hemorrhagic enteritis and severe pneumonia. Vet. Microbiol. 2014; 169(1-2): 42–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.12.005
41. Evermann J.F., Ridpath J.F. Clinical and epidemiologic observations of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the northwestern United States. Vet. Microbiol. 2002; 89(2-3): 129–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00178-5
42. Carman S., Van Dreumel T., Ridpath J., Hazlett M., Alves D., Dubovi E., et al. Severe acute bovine viral diarrhea in Ontario, 1993-1995. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1998; 10(1): 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879801000010
43. Silveira S., Weber M.N., Mósena A.C., Da Silva M.S., Streck A.F., Pescador C.A., et al. Genetic Diversity of Brazilian Bovine Pestiviruses Detected Between 1995 and 2014. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2017; 64(2): 613–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12427
44. Pecora A., Malacari D.A., Ridpath J.F., Perez Aguirreburualde M.S., Combessies G., Odeón A.C., et al. First finding of genetic and antigenic diversity in 1b-BVDV isolates from Argentina. Res. Vet. Sci. 2014; 96(1): 204–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.11.004
45. Maya L., Puentes R., Reolón E., Acuña P., Riet F., Rivero R., et al. Molecular diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Uruguay. Arch. Virol. 2016; 161(3): 529–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2688-4
46. Tajima M., Frey H.R., Yamato O., Maede Y., Moennig V., Scholz H., et al. Prevalence of genotypes 1 and 2 of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Lower Saxony, Germany. Virus Res. 2001; 76(1): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00244-1
47. Novácková M., Jacková A., Kolesárová M., Vilcek S. Genetic analysis of a bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 isolate from Slovakia. Acta Virol. 2008; 52(3): 161–6.
48. Oem J.K., Hyun B.H., Cha S.H., Lee K.K., Kim S.H., Kim H.R., et al. Phylogenetic analysis and characterization of Korean bovine viral diarrhea viruses. Vet. Microbiol. 2009; 139(3-4): 356–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.017
49. Yamamoto T., Kozasa T., Aoki H., Sekiguchi H., Morino S., Nakamura S. Genomic analyses of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from cattle imported into Japan between 1991 and 2005. Vet. Microbiol. 2008; 127(3-4): 386–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.08.020
50. Ochirkhuu N., Konnai S., Odbileg R., Odzaya B., Gansukh S., Murata S., et al. Molecular detection and characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Mongolian cattle and yaks. Arch. Virol. 2016; 161(8): 2279–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2890-z
51. Giangaspero M., Apicellab S., Harasawa R. Numerical taxonomy of the genus Pestivirus: New software for genotyping based on the palindromic nucleotide substitutions method. J. Virol. Methods. 2013; 192(1-2): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.04.023
52. Munoz-Zanzi C.A., Thurmond M.C., Hietala S.K. Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on fertility of dairy heifers. Theriogenology. 2004; 61(6): 1085–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.06.003
53. Walz P.H., Chamorro M.F., Falkenberg M.S., Passler T., van der Meer F., Woolums A.R. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: An updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2020; 34(5): 1690–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15816
54. Jenckel M., Höper D., Schirrmeier H., Reimann I., Goller K.V., Hoffmann B., et al. Mixed triple: allied viruses in unique recent isolates of highly virulent type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus detected by deep sequencing. J. Virol. 2014; 88(12): 6983–92. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00620-14
55. Gethmann J., Homeier T., Holsteg M., Schirrmeier H., Saßerath M., Hoffmann B., et al. BVD-2 outbreak leads to high losses in cattle farms in Western Germany. Heliyon. 2015; 1(1): e00019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00019
56. Decaro N., Lucente M.S., Lanave G., Gargano P., Larocca V., Losurdo M., et al. Evidence for circulation of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2c in ruminants in Southern Italy. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2017; 64(6): 1935–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12592
57. Schirrmeier H., Strebelow G., Depner K., Hoffmann B., Beer M. Genetic and antigenic characterization of an atypical pestivirus isolate, a putative member of a novel pestivirus species. J. Gen. Virol. 2004; 85(Pt. 12): 3647–52. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80238-0
58. Weber M.N., Mósena A.C., Simões S.V., Almeida L.L., Pessoa C.R., Budaszewski R.F., et al. Clinical presentation resembling mucosal disease associated with ‘HoBi’-like pestivirus in a field outbreak. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2016; 63(1): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12223
59. Mishra N., Rajukumar K., Pateriya A., Kumar M., Dubey P., Behera S.P., et al. Identification and molecular characterization of novel and divergent HoBi-like pestiviruses from naturally infected cattle in India. Vet. Microbiol. 2014; 174(1-2): 239–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.017
60. Yurov K.P., Anoyatbekova A.M., Alekseenkova S.V. New pestivirus – HoBi-virus – contaminant of small ruminant plague vaccine [Novyy pestivirus – Khobi virus – kontaminant vaktsiny protiv chumy melkikh zhvachnykh zhivotnykh]. Veterinariya. 2016; (10): 8–10. (in Russian)
61. Giammarioli M., Ridpath J.F., Rossi E., Bazzucchi M., Casciari C., De Mia G.M. Genetic detection and charcterization of emerging HoBi-like viruses in archival foetal bovine serum batches. Biologicals. 2015; 43(4): 220–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.05.009
62. Bauermann F.V., Flores E.F., Falkenberg S.M., Weiblen R., Ridpath J.F. Lack of evidence for the presence of emerging HoBi-like viruses in North American fetal bovine serum lots. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2014; 26(1): 10–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638713518208
63. Glotov A.G., Nefedchenko A.V., Koteneva S.V., Glotova T.I. The cattle infection caused by Pestivirus H in dairy farms [Infektsiya krupnogo rogatogo skota, vyzvannaya pestivirusom H v molochnykh khozyaystvakh]. Veterinariya. 2021; (8): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2021.24.8.17-23 (in Russian)
Problems of Virology. 2022; 67: 18-26
Genetic diversity and distribution of bovine pestiviruses (Flaviviridae: Pestivirus) in the world and in the Russian Federation
https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-96Abstract
The genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae includes 11 species. Bovine pestiviruses are the causative agents of viral diarrhea/mucosal disease and include three genetically distinct species: pestivirus A (BVDV-1), B (BVDV-2), and H (BVDV-3). The number of BVDV-1 subtypes is 21, BVDV-2 – 4, and BVDV-3 – 4, which complicates the diagnosis of associated diseases, reduces the effectiveness of vaccination and control programs.
We performed the search in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, eLIBRARY.RU databases for articles published in 2000–2021.
Pestivirus A is distributed everywhere, although the largest number of subtypes was found in cattle in Italy and China. The virus is widespread in the Central region of the Russia (subtypes 1a and 1m). In Siberia, eleven subtypes circulate among native and imported animals: 1a (5%), 1b (35%), 1c (5%), 1d (10%), 1f (20%), 1g, 1i (both 2.5%), 1j, 1k, 1p, and 1r (all for 5%). Pestivirus B subtype is more virulent, found less frequently and mainly in the North and South America, in some European countries, and in Asia. Three subtypes have been identified in Siberia: 2a (25%), 2b (10%), and 2c (5%). Pestivirus H circulates in Europe, Asia and South America. The main route of entry is contaminated biological products. In Russia, BVDV-3 of the Italian-Brazilian group (3a) was detected in 7 lots of fetal bovine serum.
The role of the virus in the occurrence of respiratory diseases in calves, abortion, systemic infection and enteritis in calves and adult animals has been established. The source of the virus in such cases was a contaminated modified live vaccine.
References
1. ICTV. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Genus: Pestivirus; 2019. Available at: https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/positive-sense-rna-viruses/w/flaviviridae/361/genus-pestivirus (accessed January 18, 2021).
2. Verkhovskaya A.E., Sergeev V.A., Aliper T.I., Ivanov E.V. Features of diagnosis and prevention of viral diarrhea in cattle [Osobennosti diagnostiki i profilaktiki virusnoy diarei krupnogo rogatogo skota]. Veterinariya. 2009; (8): 3–7. (in Russian)
3. Evans C.A., Pinior B., Larska M., Graham D., Schweizer M., Guidarini C., et al. Global knowledge gaps in the prevention and control of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2019; 66(2): 640–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13068
4. Ridpath J.F. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: global status. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2010; 26(1): 105–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.007
5. Simmonds P., Becher P., Bukh J., Gould E.A., Meyers G., Monath T., et al. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Flaviviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 2017; 98(1): 2–3. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000672
6. Brock K.V. The many faces of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2004; 20(1): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.12.002
7. Goyal S.M., Ridpath J.F., eds. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Diagnosis, Management, and Control. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2005.
8. Gard J.A., Givens M.D., Stringfellow D.A. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV): epidemiologic concerns relative to semen and embryos. Theriogenology. 2007; 68(3): 434–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.003
9. Grooms D.L. Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2004; 20(1): 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.11.006
10. O’Rourke K. BVDV: 40 years of effort and the disease still has a firm hold. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2002; 220(12): 1770–3.
11. Decaro N., Lucente M.S., Mari V., Cirone F., Cordioli P., Camero M., et al. Atypical pestivirus and severe respiratory disease in calves, Europe. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011; 17(8): 1549–52. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1708.101447
12. Decaro N. HoBi-like pestivirus and reproductive disorders. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020; 7: 622447. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.622447
13. Uryvaev L.V., Ionova K.S., Dedova A.V., Dedova L.V., Selivanova T.K., Parasyuk N.A., et al. Analysis of the cell tissue cultures’ contamination with the BVDV virus and mycoplasmas [Analiz kontaminatsii kletochnykh kul’tur pestivirusom BVDV i mikoplazmami]. Voprosy virusologii. 2012; 57(5): 15–21. (in Russian)
14. Glotov A.G., Glotova T.I., Koteneva S.V. On contamination of imported bovine fetal serum with pestiviruses as a factor in the spread of viral diarrhea under conditions of globalization: a mini-review [O kontaminatsii importiruemoy fetal’noy syvorotki krovi krupnogo rogatogo skota pestivirusami kak faktore rasprostraneniya virusnoy diarei v usloviyakh globalizatsii: mini-obzor]. Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya biologiya. 2018; 53(2): 248–57. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2018.2.248rus (in Russian)
15. Koteneva S.V., Maksyutov R.A., Glotova T.I., Glotov A.G. Identification of the cattle atypical pestivirus in biological samples [Identifikatsiya atipichnogo pestivirusa krupnogo rogatogo skota v biologicheskikh obraztsakh]. Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya biologiya. 2017; 52(6): 1259–64. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2017.6.1259rus (in Russian)
16. Makoschey B., van Gelder P.T., Keijsers V., Goovaerts D. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigen in foetal calf serum batches and consequences of such contamination for vaccine production. Biologicals. 2003; 31(3): 203–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1045-1056(03)00058-7
17. Pastoret P.P. Human and animal vaccine contaminations. Biologicals. 2010; 38(3): 332–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.02.015
18. Giangaspero M. Pestivirus species potential adventitious contaminants of biological products. Trop. Med. Surg. 2013; 1(6): 153. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000153
19. Pecora A., Perez Aguirreburualde M.S., Ridpath J.F., Dus Santos M.J. Molecular characterization of pestiviruses in fetal bovine sera originating from Argentina: evidence of circulation of HoBi-like viruses. Front. Vet. Sci. 2019; 6: 359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00359
20. Luzzago C., Decaro N. Epidemiology of bovine pestiviruses circulating in Italy. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021; 8: 669942. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.669942
21. Moennig V., Becher P. Control of bovine viral diarrhea. Pathogens. 2018; 7(1): 29–41. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7010029
22. Glotov A.G., Glotova T.I. Atypical cattle pestiviruses [Atipichnye pestivirusy krupnogo rogatogo skota]. Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya biologiya. 2015; 50(4): 399–408. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2015.4.399rus (in Russian)
23. Bauermann F.V., Ridpath J.F. HoBi-like viruses – the typical ‘atypical bovine pestivirus’. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2015; 16: 64–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S146625231500002X
24. Pinior B., Firth C.L., Richter V., Lebl K., Trauffler M., Dzieciol M., et al. A systematic review of financial and economic assessments of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) prevention and mitigation activities worldwide. Prev. Vet. Med. 2017; 137(Pt. A): 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.014
25. Becher P., Tautz N. RNA recombination in pestiviruses: Cellular RNA sequences in viral genomes highlight the role of host factors for viral persistence and lethal disease. RNA Biol. 2011; 8(2): 216–24. https://doi.org/10.4161/rna.8.2.14514
26. Yeşilbağ K., Alpay G., Becher P. Variability and global distribution of subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Viruses. 2017; 9(6): 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9060128
27. Brock K.V., McCarty K., Chase C.C., Harland R. Protection against fetal infection with either bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 or type 2 using a noncytopathic type 1 modified-live virus vaccine. Vet. Ther. 2006; 7(l): 27–34.
28. Nardelli S., Decaro N., Belfanti I., Lucente M.S., Giammarioli M., Mion M., et al. Do modified live virus vaccines against bovine viral diarrhea induce fetal cross-protection against HoBi-like Pestivirus? Vet. Microbiol. 2021; 260: 109178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109178
29. Glotov A.G., Glotova T.I., Yuzhakov A.G., Zaberezhnyy A.D., Aliper T.I. Isolation of noncytopathogenic genotype 2 bovine viral diarrhea/ mucosal disease virus from the cattle mucosa in the Russian Federation [Vydelenie na territorii Rossiyskoy Federatsii netsitopatogennogo izolyata 2-go genotipa virusa diarei – bolezni slizistykh obolochek krupnogo rogatogo skota]. Voprosy virusologii. 2009; 54(5): 43–7. (in Russian)
30. Akimova O.A., Yuzhakov A.G., Koritskaya M.A., Ivanov E.V., Dzhavadova G.A., Glotov A.G., et al. Isolation and identification of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 3 at a farm in Russian Federation [Vydelenie i identifikatsiya virusa virusnoy diarei krupnogo rogatogo skota 3-go tipa v zhivotnovodcheskom khozyaystve Rossiyskoy Federatsii]. Veterinariya. 2021; (7): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2021.24.7.17-22 (in Russian)
31. Peterhans E., Schweizer M. Pestiviruses: how to outmaneuver your hosts. Vet. Microbiol. 2010; 142(1-2):18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.038
32. Giammarioli M., Ceglie L., Rossi E., Bazzucchi M., Casciari C., Petrini S., et al. Increased genetic diversity of BVDV-1: recent findings and implications thereof. Virus Genes. 2015; 50(1): 147–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-014-1132-2
33. Deng M., Ji S., Fei W., Raza S., He C., Chen Y., et al. Prevalence study and genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in four bovine species in China. PLoS One. 2015; 10(7): e0134777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134777
34. Shul’pin M.I., Ayanot P.K., Mishchenko V.A. Indication of bovine diarrhea virus, genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of isolates identified in the territory of the Russian Federation [Indikatsiya virusa diarei krupnogo rogatogo skota, genotipirovanie i filogeneticheskiy analiz izolyatov, vyyavlennykh na territorii Rossiyskoy Federatsii]. Voprosy virusologii. 2003; 48(5): 41–6. (in Russian)
35. Yurov G.K., Alekseenkova S.V., Dias Jimenez K.A., Neustroev M.P., Yurov K.P. Antigenicty of noncytopathogenic strains of bovine diarrhea/mucosal disease virus [Antigennye svoystva netsitopatogennykh shtammov virusa diarei – bolezni slizistykh krupnogo rogatogo skota]. Rossiyskiy veterinarnyy zhurnal. 2013; (2): 24–6. (in Russian)
36. Koteneva S.V., Nefedchenko A.V., Glotova T.I., Glotov A.G. Genetic polymorphism of the bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease viruses in big dairy farms in Siberia [Geneticheskiy polimorfizm vozbuditelya virusnoy diarei (bolezni slizistykh obolochek) krupnogo rogatogo skota na molochnykh kompleksakh Sibiri]. Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya biologiya. 2018; 53(6): 1238–46. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2018.6.1238rus (in Russian)
37. Glotov A.G., Koteneva S.V., Glotova T.I., Yuzhakov A.G., Maksyutov R.A, Zaberezhnyy A.D. Phylogenetic analysis of bovine pestiviruses detected in Siberia [Filogeneticheskiy analiz pestivirusov krupnogo rogatogo skota, vyyavlennykh v Sibiri]. Voprosy virusologii. 2018; 63(4): 185–91. https://doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-4-185-191 (in Russian)
38. Toplak I., Sandvik T., Barlič-Maganja D., Grom J., Paton D. Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus: most Slovenian isolates are of genotypes 1d and 1f. Vet. Microbiol. 2004; 99(3-4): 175–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.12.004
39. Giammarioli M., Pellegrini C., Casciari C., Rossi E., De Mia G.M. Genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1: Italian isolates clustered in at least seven subgenotypes. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2008; 20(6): 783–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870802000611
40. Yesilbag K., Forster C., Ozyigit M., Alpay G., Tuncer P., Thiel H.J., et al. Characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus BVDV isolates from an outbreak with hemorrhagic enteritis and severe pneumonia. Vet. Microbiol. 2014; 169(1-2): 42–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.12.005
41. Evermann J.F., Ridpath J.F. Clinical and epidemiologic observations of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the northwestern United States. Vet. Microbiol. 2002; 89(2-3): 129–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00178-5
42. Carman S., Van Dreumel T., Ridpath J., Hazlett M., Alves D., Dubovi E., et al. Severe acute bovine viral diarrhea in Ontario, 1993-1995. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1998; 10(1): 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879801000010
43. Silveira S., Weber M.N., Mósena A.C., Da Silva M.S., Streck A.F., Pescador C.A., et al. Genetic Diversity of Brazilian Bovine Pestiviruses Detected Between 1995 and 2014. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2017; 64(2): 613–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12427
44. Pecora A., Malacari D.A., Ridpath J.F., Perez Aguirreburualde M.S., Combessies G., Odeón A.C., et al. First finding of genetic and antigenic diversity in 1b-BVDV isolates from Argentina. Res. Vet. Sci. 2014; 96(1): 204–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.11.004
45. Maya L., Puentes R., Reolón E., Acuña P., Riet F., Rivero R., et al. Molecular diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Uruguay. Arch. Virol. 2016; 161(3): 529–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2688-4
46. Tajima M., Frey H.R., Yamato O., Maede Y., Moennig V., Scholz H., et al. Prevalence of genotypes 1 and 2 of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Lower Saxony, Germany. Virus Res. 2001; 76(1): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00244-1
47. Novácková M., Jacková A., Kolesárová M., Vilcek S. Genetic analysis of a bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 isolate from Slovakia. Acta Virol. 2008; 52(3): 161–6.
48. Oem J.K., Hyun B.H., Cha S.H., Lee K.K., Kim S.H., Kim H.R., et al. Phylogenetic analysis and characterization of Korean bovine viral diarrhea viruses. Vet. Microbiol. 2009; 139(3-4): 356–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.017
49. Yamamoto T., Kozasa T., Aoki H., Sekiguchi H., Morino S., Nakamura S. Genomic analyses of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from cattle imported into Japan between 1991 and 2005. Vet. Microbiol. 2008; 127(3-4): 386–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.08.020
50. Ochirkhuu N., Konnai S., Odbileg R., Odzaya B., Gansukh S., Murata S., et al. Molecular detection and characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Mongolian cattle and yaks. Arch. Virol. 2016; 161(8): 2279–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2890-z
51. Giangaspero M., Apicellab S., Harasawa R. Numerical taxonomy of the genus Pestivirus: New software for genotyping based on the palindromic nucleotide substitutions method. J. Virol. Methods. 2013; 192(1-2): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.04.023
52. Munoz-Zanzi C.A., Thurmond M.C., Hietala S.K. Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on fertility of dairy heifers. Theriogenology. 2004; 61(6): 1085–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.06.003
53. Walz P.H., Chamorro M.F., Falkenberg M.S., Passler T., van der Meer F., Woolums A.R. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: An updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2020; 34(5): 1690–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15816
54. Jenckel M., Höper D., Schirrmeier H., Reimann I., Goller K.V., Hoffmann B., et al. Mixed triple: allied viruses in unique recent isolates of highly virulent type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus detected by deep sequencing. J. Virol. 2014; 88(12): 6983–92. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00620-14
55. Gethmann J., Homeier T., Holsteg M., Schirrmeier H., Saßerath M., Hoffmann B., et al. BVD-2 outbreak leads to high losses in cattle farms in Western Germany. Heliyon. 2015; 1(1): e00019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00019
56. Decaro N., Lucente M.S., Lanave G., Gargano P., Larocca V., Losurdo M., et al. Evidence for circulation of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2c in ruminants in Southern Italy. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2017; 64(6): 1935–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12592
57. Schirrmeier H., Strebelow G., Depner K., Hoffmann B., Beer M. Genetic and antigenic characterization of an atypical pestivirus isolate, a putative member of a novel pestivirus species. J. Gen. Virol. 2004; 85(Pt. 12): 3647–52. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80238-0
58. Weber M.N., Mósena A.C., Simões S.V., Almeida L.L., Pessoa C.R., Budaszewski R.F., et al. Clinical presentation resembling mucosal disease associated with ‘HoBi’-like pestivirus in a field outbreak. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2016; 63(1): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12223
59. Mishra N., Rajukumar K., Pateriya A., Kumar M., Dubey P., Behera S.P., et al. Identification and molecular characterization of novel and divergent HoBi-like pestiviruses from naturally infected cattle in India. Vet. Microbiol. 2014; 174(1-2): 239–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.017
60. Yurov K.P., Anoyatbekova A.M., Alekseenkova S.V. New pestivirus – HoBi-virus – contaminant of small ruminant plague vaccine [Novyy pestivirus – Khobi virus – kontaminant vaktsiny protiv chumy melkikh zhvachnykh zhivotnykh]. Veterinariya. 2016; (10): 8–10. (in Russian)
61. Giammarioli M., Ridpath J.F., Rossi E., Bazzucchi M., Casciari C., De Mia G.M. Genetic detection and charcterization of emerging HoBi-like viruses in archival foetal bovine serum batches. Biologicals. 2015; 43(4): 220–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.05.009
62. Bauermann F.V., Flores E.F., Falkenberg S.M., Weiblen R., Ridpath J.F. Lack of evidence for the presence of emerging HoBi-like viruses in North American fetal bovine serum lots. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2014; 26(1): 10–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638713518208
63. Glotov A.G., Nefedchenko A.V., Koteneva S.V., Glotova T.I. The cattle infection caused by Pestivirus H in dairy farms [Infektsiya krupnogo rogatogo skota, vyzvannaya pestivirusom H v molochnykh khozyaystvakh]. Veterinariya. 2021; (8): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2021.24.8.17-23 (in Russian)
