Вопросы вирусологии. 2021; 66: 409-416
Молекулярная эволюция вируса Даби (Phenuiviridae: Bandavirus: Dabie bandavirus) – возбудителя острой лихорадки с тромбоцитопеническим синдромом
https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-68Аннотация
Со времени идентификации вируса Даби (ВД; прежнее название – вирус SFTS, SFTSV) (Phenuiviridae: Bandavirus: Dabie bandavirus) вызванные им эпидемии острой лихорадки с тромбоцитопеническим синдромом (severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, SFTS) произошли в нескольких странах Восточной Азии. Быстрый рост заболеваемости указывает на то, что этот инфекционный агент имеет пандемический потенциал и представляет собой надвигающуюся глобальную угрозу для общественного здравоохранения.
В настоящем обзоре проведён анализ молекулярной эволюции возбудителя острой лихорадки с тромбоцитопеническим синдромом на материале его вариантов, выделенных в Китайской Народной Республике (КНР), Японии и Южной Корее (Республика Корея). Установлены скорость процесса эволюции и возможное время появления общего предка ВД, а также продемонстрирована возможность его реассортации.
Скорость эволюции генома ВД оценена как 2,28 × 10-4 нуклеотидных замен/сайт/год для S-сегмента, 2,42 × 10-4 для М-сегмента и 1,19 × 10-4 замен/сайт/год – для L-сегмента. В геноме вируса определены позиции положительной селекции.
Филогенетический анализ установил, что ВД разделён на 2 клайда, содержащие 6 различных генотипов.
Структура филогенетических деревьев для L-, S- и M-сегментов указывает на происхождение всех генотипов от одного общего предка.
Результаты исследований свидетельствуют о том, что ВД использует множественные механизмы для повышения уровня изменчивости. Понимание филогенетических факторов, определяющих трансмиссию данного патогена, имеет важное значение для оценки эпидемиологических характеристик вызываемого им заболевания и прогноза возможных его вспышек.
Список литературы
1. Kim K.H., Yi J., Kim G., Choi S.J., Jun K.I., Kim M.H., et al. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, South Korea, 2012. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013; 19(11): 1892–4. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1911.130792
2. Yu X.J., Liang M.F., Zhang S.Y., Liu Y., Li J.D., Sun Y.L., et al. Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364(16): 1523–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1010095
3. Zhao L., Zhai S., Wen H., Cui F., Chi Y., Wang L., et al. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, Shandong Province, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2012; 18(6): 963–5. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.111345
4. Niu G., Li J., Liang M., Jiang X., Jiang M., Yin H., et al. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus among domesticated animals, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013; 19(5): 756–63. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1905.120245
5. Takahashi T., Maeda K., Suzuki T., Ishido A., Shigeoka T., Tominaga T., et al. The first identification and retrospective study of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Japan. J. Infect. Dis. 2014; 209(6): 816–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit6036. ICTV Taxonomy history: Dabie bandavirus. https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=201900166 (accessed October 14, 2021).
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7. Xu B., Liu L., Huang X., Ma H., Zhang Y., Du Y., et al. Metagenomic Analysis of Fever, Thrombocytopenia and Leukopenia Syndrome (FTLS) in Henan Province, China: Discovery of a New Bunyavirus. PLoS Pathog. 2011; 7(11): e1002369. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002369
8. Yoshikawa T., Shimojima M., Fukushi S., Tani H., Fukuma A., Taniguchi S. Phylogenetic and geographic relationships of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in China, South Korea, and Japan. J. Infect. Dis. 2015; 212(6): 889–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv144
9. Zhang Y.Z., Zhou D.J., Qin X.C., Tian J.H., Xiong Y., Wang J.B., et al. The Ecology, Genetic Diversity, and Phylogeny of Huaiyangshan Virus in China. J. Virol. 2012; 86(5): 2864–8. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06192-11
10. Zhang Y.Z., Zhou D.J., Xiong Y. Hemorrhagic fever caused by a novel tick–borne Bunyavirus in Huaiynshan, China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi (Chinese Journal of Epidemiology). 2011; 32(3):209–20. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2011.03.001
11. Yamanaka A., Kirino Y., Fujimoto S., Ueda N., Himeji D., Miura M., et al. Direct transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from domestic cat to veterinary personnel. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2020; 26(12): 2994–8. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2612.191513
12. Liu L., Chen W., Yang Y., Jiang Y. Molecular evolution of fever, thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia virus (FTLSV) based on whole–genome sequences. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2016; 39: 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.022
13. Qu B., Qi X., Wu X., Liang M., Li C., Cardona C.J. Supression of the interferon and NF-κB responses by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. J. Virol. 2012; 86(16): 8388–401. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00612-12
14. Matsuno K., Weisend C., Travassos da Rosa A.P., Anzick S.L., Dahlstrom E., Porcella S.F., et al. Characterization of the Bhanja serogroup viruses (Bunyaviridae): a novel species of the genus Phlebovirus and its relationship with other emerging tick-borne phleboviruses. J. Virol. 2013; 87(7): 3719–28. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02845-12
15. Li A., Liu L., Wu W., Liu Y., Huang X., Li C., et al. Molecular evolution and genetic diversity analysis of SFTS virus based on next-generation sequencing. Biosaf. Health. 2021; 3(2): 105–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.02.002
16. Huang X., Liu L., Du Y., Wu W., Wang H., Su J. The evolutionary history and spatiotemporal dynamics of the fever, thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia syndrome virus (FTLSV) in China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2014; 8(10): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003237
17. McMullan L.K., Folk S.M., Kelly A.J., MacNeil A., Goldsmith C.S., Metcalfe M.G., et al. A new phlebovirus associated with severe febrile illness in Missouri. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 367(9):834–41. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1203378
18. Mourya D.T., Yadav P.D., Basu A., Shete A., Patil D.Y., Zawar D., et al. Malsoor Virus, a Novel Bat Phlebovirus, is Closely Related to Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Heartland Virus. J. Virol. 2014; 88(6): 3605–9. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02617-13
19. Wang J., Selleck P., Yu M., Ha W., Rootes C., Gales R., et al. Novel phlebovirus with zoonotic potential isolated from ticks, Australia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014; 20(6): 1040–3. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2006.140003
20. Chen X., Ye H., Li S., Jiao B., Wu J., Zeng P., et al. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus inhibits exogenous Type I IFN signaling pathway through its NSs in vitro. PloS One. 2017; 12(2): e0172744. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172744
21. Liu L., Chen W., Yang Y., Jiang Y. Molecular evolution of fever, thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia virus (FTLSV) based on whole-genome sequences. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2016; 39: 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.022
22. Kosakovsky P.S.L., Poon A.F., Leigh B.A.J., Frost S.D. A maximum likelihood method for detecting directional evolution in protein sequences and its application to influenza A virus. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2008; 25(9): 1809–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn123
23. Lu S., Wang L., Bai D., Li U. Establishment of national reference for bunyavirus nucleic acid detection kits for diagnosis of SFTS virus. Virol. J. 2017; 14(1): 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0682-z
24. Liu J.W., Zhao L., Luo L.M., Liu M.M., Sun Y., Su X., et al. Molecular evolution and spatial transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus based on complete genome sequences. PLoS One. 2016; 11(3): e0151677. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151677
25. Feng C., Zhang L., Sun Y., Shao B., Mao H., Jiang J., et al. Genome sequencing and the molecular evolutionary analysis of a SFTSV isolated from Zhejiang province. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi (Chinese journal of preventive medicine). 2014; 48(7): 612–6. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2014.07.016 (in Chinese)
26. Ding N.Z., Luo Z.F., Niu D.D., Ji W., Kang X.H., Cai S.S., et al. Identification of two severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus strains originating from reassortment. Virus Res. 2013; 178(2):543–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.017
27. Fu Y., Li S., Zhang Z., Man S., Li X., Zhang W. Phylogeographic analysis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from Zhoushan Islands, China: implication for transmission across the ocean. Sci. Rep. 2016; 6: 19563. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19563
28. Bowen M.D., Trappier S.G., Sanchez A.J., Meyer R.F., Goldsmith C.S., Zaki S.R., et al. A reassortant bunyavirus isolated from acute hemorrhagic fever cases in Kenya and Somalia. Virology. 2001; 291(2): 185–90. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2001.1201
29. Briese T., Bird B., Kapoor V., Nichol S.T., Lipkin W.I. Batai and Ngari viruses: M segment reassortment and association with severe febrile disease outbreaks in East Africa. J. Virol. 2006; 80(11):5627–30. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02448-05
30. Chandler L.J., Hogge G., Endres M., Jacoby D.R., Nathanson N., Beaty B.J. Reassortment of La Crosse and Tahyna bunyaviruses in Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. Virus Res. 1991; 20(2): 181–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(91)90108-8
31. Gerrard S.R., Li L., Barrett A.D., Nichol S.T. Ngari virus is a Bunyamwera virus reassortant that can be associated with large outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in Africa. J. Virol. 2004; 78(16):8922–6. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.16.8922-8926.2004
32. Saeed M.F., Wang H., Suderman M., Beasley D.W., Travassos da Rosa A., Li L., et al. Jatobal virus is a reassortant containing the small RNA of Oropouche virus. Virus Res. 2001; 77(1): 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00262-3
33. Deadly new flu virus in US and Mexico may go pandemic. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17025-deadly-new-flu-virus-in-usand-mexico-may-go-pandemic/?ignored=irrelevant (accessed October 14, 2021).
34. Ding F., Zhang W., Wang L., Hu W., Soares Magalhaes R.J., Sun H., et al. Epidemiologic features of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China, 2011–2012. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2013; 56(11):1682–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit100
35. Alberts B., Bray D., Roberts K., Lewis J., Raff M. Essential Cell Biology: An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of the Cell. London: Taylor & Francis; 1997.
36. Casel M.A., Park S.J., Choi Y.K. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus: emerging novel phlebovirus and their control strategy. Exp. Mol. Med. 2021; 53: 713–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00610-1
37. Sato Y., Mekata H., Sudaryatma P.E., Kirino Y., Yamamoto S., Ando S., et al. Isolation of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from various tick species in area with human severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome cases. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2021; 21(5): 378–84. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2020.2720
Problems of Virology. 2021; 66: 409-416
The molecular evolution of Dabie bandavirus (Phenuiviridae: Bandavirus: Dabie bandavirus), the agent of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-68Abstract
Since the Dabie bandavirus (DBV; former SFTS virus, SFTSV) was identified, the epidemics of severe fever with thrombocytopenic syndrome (SFTS) caused by this virus have occurred in several countries in East Asia. The rapid increase in incidence indicates that this infectious agent has a pandemic potential and poses an imminent global public health threat.
The analysis of molecular evolution of SFTS agent that includes its variants isolated in China, Japan and South Korea was performed in this review. The evolution rate of DBV and the estimated dates of existence of the common ancestor were ascertained, and the possibility of reassortation was demonstrated.
The evolutionary rates of DBV genome segments were estimated to be 2.28 × 10-4 nucleotides/site/year for S-segment, 2.42 × 10-4 for M-segment, and 1.19 × 10-4 for L-segment. The positions of positive selection were detected in the viral genome.
Phylogenetic analyses showed that virus may be divided into two clades, containing six different genotypes. The structures of phylogenetic trees for S-, M- and L-segments showed that all genotypes originate from the common ancestor.
Data of sequence analysis suggest that DBV use several mechanisms to maintain the high level of its genetic diversity. Understanding the phylogenetic factors that determine the virus transmission is important for assessing the epidemiological characteristics of the disease and predicting its possible outbreaks.
References
1. Kim K.H., Yi J., Kim G., Choi S.J., Jun K.I., Kim M.H., et al. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, South Korea, 2012. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013; 19(11): 1892–4. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1911.130792
2. Yu X.J., Liang M.F., Zhang S.Y., Liu Y., Li J.D., Sun Y.L., et al. Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364(16): 1523–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1010095
3. Zhao L., Zhai S., Wen H., Cui F., Chi Y., Wang L., et al. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, Shandong Province, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2012; 18(6): 963–5. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.111345
4. Niu G., Li J., Liang M., Jiang X., Jiang M., Yin H., et al. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus among domesticated animals, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013; 19(5): 756–63. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1905.120245
5. Takahashi T., Maeda K., Suzuki T., Ishido A., Shigeoka T., Tominaga T., et al. The first identification and retrospective study of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Japan. J. Infect. Dis. 2014; 209(6): 816–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit6036. ICTV Taxonomy history: Dabie bandavirus. https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=201900166 (accessed October 14, 2021).
6. Lam T., Liu W., Bowden T.A., Gui N., Zhuang L., Liu K., et al. Evolutionary and molecular analysis of the emergent severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Epidemics. 2013; 5(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2012.09.002
7. Xu B., Liu L., Huang X., Ma H., Zhang Y., Du Y., et al. Metagenomic Analysis of Fever, Thrombocytopenia and Leukopenia Syndrome (FTLS) in Henan Province, China: Discovery of a New Bunyavirus. PLoS Pathog. 2011; 7(11): e1002369. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002369
8. Yoshikawa T., Shimojima M., Fukushi S., Tani H., Fukuma A., Taniguchi S. Phylogenetic and geographic relationships of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in China, South Korea, and Japan. J. Infect. Dis. 2015; 212(6): 889–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv144
9. Zhang Y.Z., Zhou D.J., Qin X.C., Tian J.H., Xiong Y., Wang J.B., et al. The Ecology, Genetic Diversity, and Phylogeny of Huaiyangshan Virus in China. J. Virol. 2012; 86(5): 2864–8. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06192-11
10. Zhang Y.Z., Zhou D.J., Xiong Y. Hemorrhagic fever caused by a novel tick–borne Bunyavirus in Huaiynshan, China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi (Chinese Journal of Epidemiology). 2011; 32(3):209–20. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2011.03.001
11. Yamanaka A., Kirino Y., Fujimoto S., Ueda N., Himeji D., Miura M., et al. Direct transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from domestic cat to veterinary personnel. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2020; 26(12): 2994–8. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2612.191513
12. Liu L., Chen W., Yang Y., Jiang Y. Molecular evolution of fever, thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia virus (FTLSV) based on whole–genome sequences. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2016; 39: 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.022
13. Qu B., Qi X., Wu X., Liang M., Li C., Cardona C.J. Supression of the interferon and NF-κB responses by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. J. Virol. 2012; 86(16): 8388–401. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00612-12
14. Matsuno K., Weisend C., Travassos da Rosa A.P., Anzick S.L., Dahlstrom E., Porcella S.F., et al. Characterization of the Bhanja serogroup viruses (Bunyaviridae): a novel species of the genus Phlebovirus and its relationship with other emerging tick-borne phleboviruses. J. Virol. 2013; 87(7): 3719–28. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02845-12
15. Li A., Liu L., Wu W., Liu Y., Huang X., Li C., et al. Molecular evolution and genetic diversity analysis of SFTS virus based on next-generation sequencing. Biosaf. Health. 2021; 3(2): 105–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.02.002
16. Huang X., Liu L., Du Y., Wu W., Wang H., Su J. The evolutionary history and spatiotemporal dynamics of the fever, thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia syndrome virus (FTLSV) in China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2014; 8(10): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003237
17. McMullan L.K., Folk S.M., Kelly A.J., MacNeil A., Goldsmith C.S., Metcalfe M.G., et al. A new phlebovirus associated with severe febrile illness in Missouri. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 367(9):834–41. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1203378
18. Mourya D.T., Yadav P.D., Basu A., Shete A., Patil D.Y., Zawar D., et al. Malsoor Virus, a Novel Bat Phlebovirus, is Closely Related to Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Heartland Virus. J. Virol. 2014; 88(6): 3605–9. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02617-13
19. Wang J., Selleck P., Yu M., Ha W., Rootes C., Gales R., et al. Novel phlebovirus with zoonotic potential isolated from ticks, Australia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014; 20(6): 1040–3. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2006.140003
20. Chen X., Ye H., Li S., Jiao B., Wu J., Zeng P., et al. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus inhibits exogenous Type I IFN signaling pathway through its NSs in vitro. PloS One. 2017; 12(2): e0172744. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172744
21. Liu L., Chen W., Yang Y., Jiang Y. Molecular evolution of fever, thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia virus (FTLSV) based on whole-genome sequences. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2016; 39: 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.022
22. Kosakovsky P.S.L., Poon A.F., Leigh B.A.J., Frost S.D. A maximum likelihood method for detecting directional evolution in protein sequences and its application to influenza A virus. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2008; 25(9): 1809–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn123
23. Lu S., Wang L., Bai D., Li U. Establishment of national reference for bunyavirus nucleic acid detection kits for diagnosis of SFTS virus. Virol. J. 2017; 14(1): 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0682-z
24. Liu J.W., Zhao L., Luo L.M., Liu M.M., Sun Y., Su X., et al. Molecular evolution and spatial transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus based on complete genome sequences. PLoS One. 2016; 11(3): e0151677. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151677
25. Feng C., Zhang L., Sun Y., Shao B., Mao H., Jiang J., et al. Genome sequencing and the molecular evolutionary analysis of a SFTSV isolated from Zhejiang province. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi (Chinese journal of preventive medicine). 2014; 48(7): 612–6. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2014.07.016 (in Chinese)
26. Ding N.Z., Luo Z.F., Niu D.D., Ji W., Kang X.H., Cai S.S., et al. Identification of two severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus strains originating from reassortment. Virus Res. 2013; 178(2):543–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.017
27. Fu Y., Li S., Zhang Z., Man S., Li X., Zhang W. Phylogeographic analysis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from Zhoushan Islands, China: implication for transmission across the ocean. Sci. Rep. 2016; 6: 19563. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19563
28. Bowen M.D., Trappier S.G., Sanchez A.J., Meyer R.F., Goldsmith C.S., Zaki S.R., et al. A reassortant bunyavirus isolated from acute hemorrhagic fever cases in Kenya and Somalia. Virology. 2001; 291(2): 185–90. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2001.1201
29. Briese T., Bird B., Kapoor V., Nichol S.T., Lipkin W.I. Batai and Ngari viruses: M segment reassortment and association with severe febrile disease outbreaks in East Africa. J. Virol. 2006; 80(11):5627–30. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02448-05
30. Chandler L.J., Hogge G., Endres M., Jacoby D.R., Nathanson N., Beaty B.J. Reassortment of La Crosse and Tahyna bunyaviruses in Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. Virus Res. 1991; 20(2): 181–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(91)90108-8
31. Gerrard S.R., Li L., Barrett A.D., Nichol S.T. Ngari virus is a Bunyamwera virus reassortant that can be associated with large outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in Africa. J. Virol. 2004; 78(16):8922–6. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.16.8922-8926.2004
32. Saeed M.F., Wang H., Suderman M., Beasley D.W., Travassos da Rosa A., Li L., et al. Jatobal virus is a reassortant containing the small RNA of Oropouche virus. Virus Res. 2001; 77(1): 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00262-3
33. Deadly new flu virus in US and Mexico may go pandemic. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17025-deadly-new-flu-virus-in-usand-mexico-may-go-pandemic/?ignored=irrelevant (accessed October 14, 2021).
34. Ding F., Zhang W., Wang L., Hu W., Soares Magalhaes R.J., Sun H., et al. Epidemiologic features of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China, 2011–2012. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2013; 56(11):1682–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit100
35. Alberts B., Bray D., Roberts K., Lewis J., Raff M. Essential Cell Biology: An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of the Cell. London: Taylor & Francis; 1997.
36. Casel M.A., Park S.J., Choi Y.K. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus: emerging novel phlebovirus and their control strategy. Exp. Mol. Med. 2021; 53: 713–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00610-1
37. Sato Y., Mekata H., Sudaryatma P.E., Kirino Y., Yamamoto S., Ando S., et al. Isolation of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from various tick species in area with human severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome cases. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2021; 21(5): 378–84. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2020.2720
