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Вопросы вирусологии. 2020; 65: 259-266

Обзор законодательства в области обращения персонализированных препаратов бактериофагов

Ландышев Н. Н., Воронько Я. Г., Тимошина О. Ю., Суслина С. Н., Акимкин В. Г., Мирошников К. А.

https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-5-2

Аннотация

Наблюдаемая во всем мире тенденция распространения устойчивости патогенных  микроорганизмов к антибиотикам диктует необходимость поиска альтернативных решений  для лечения и контроля бактериальных инфекций. Одним из перспективных решений считается фаготерапия – использование бактериофагов, вирусов бактерий, которые в  процессе цикла размножения уничтожают клетки хозяев. Одна из особенностей бактериофагов, одновременно являющаяся и достоинством, и недостатком терапевтического подхода, – их высокая специфичность в отношении бактериальных хозяев. В большинстве случаев инфекционный диапазон бактериофагов ограничен  таксономическим видом или даже группой штаммов внутри вида бактерий. Наиболее перспективным вариантом фаготерапии является изготовление персонализированных  препаратов из набора индивидуальных охарактеризованных фагов. Регистрация препаратов  с вариабельным составом выходит за рамки стандартизированных процедур регуляторных  органов. В настоящем обзоре был проведен анализ текущих законодательных норм фармацевтического рынка стран, занимающих первые 10 позиций по валовому внутреннему продукту, с точки зрения регистрации фаговых препаратов. Также нами были обозначены процедуры, которые эти страны могут внедрить в фаготерапии в повседневную практику.

Список литературы

1. Fleming A. Penicillin. Nobel lectures, physiology or medicine 1942–1962. Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier Publishing; 1964.

2. O’Neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: Final report and recommendations. London: HM Government and Welcome Trust; 2018.

3. Cisek A.A., Dąbrowska I., Gregorczyk K.P., Wyżewski Z. Phage therapy in bacterial infections treatment: one hundred years after the discovery of bacteriophages. Curr. Microbiol. 2017; 74(2): 277–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-016-1166-x

4. International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook: Global Manufacturing Downturn, Rising Trade Barriers. Washington: International Monetary Fund, Publication Services; 2019.

5. Pirnay J.P., De Vos D., Verbeken G., Merabishvili M., Chanishvili N., Vaneechoutte M., et al. The phage therapy paradigm: Prêt-à-porter or sur-mesure? Pharm. Res. 2011; 28(4): 934–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0313-5

6. McCallin S., Oechslin F. Bacterial resistance to phage and its impact on clinical therapy. In: Górski A., Międzybrodzki R., Borysowski J., eds. Phage Therapy: A Practical Approach. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019: 59–88.

7. Oechslin F. Resistance development to bacteriophages occurring during bacteriophage therapy. Viruses. 2018; 10(7): 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10070351

8. Van Belleghem J.D., Dąbrowska K., Vaneechoutte M., Barr J.J., Bollyky P.L. Interactions between bacteriophage, bacteria, and the mammalian immune system. Viruses. 2019; 11(1): 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11010010

9. Hodyra-Stefaniak K., Miernikiewicz P., Drapała J., Drab M., Jonczyk-Matysiak E., Lecion D., et al. Mammalian Host- VersusPhage immune response determines phage fate in vivo. Sci. Rep. 2015; 5: 14802. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14802

10. Fauconnier A. Phage therapy regulation: From night to dawn. Viruses. 2019; 11(4): 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11040352

11. Sullivan T. A tough road: cost to develop one new drug is $2.6 billion; approval rate for drugs entering clinical development is less than 12%. Policy and Medicine. 2019. Available at: https://www.policymed.com/2014/12/a-tough-road-cost-to-develop-one-new-drugis-26-billion-approval-rate-for-drugs-entering-clinical-de.html

12. Todd K. The promising viral threat to bacterial resistance: The uncertain patentability of phage therapeutics and the necessity of alternative incentives. Duke Law J. 2018; 68(4): 767–805.

13. Mossialos E., Ge Y., Hu J., Wang L. Pharmaceutical Policy in China Challenges and Opportunities for Reform. Copenhagen: WHO; 2016: 1–212.

14. Wu J.Z., Hsu Y.C. Decision analysis on entering the China pharmaceutical market: Perspectives from Taiwanese companies. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2018; 125: 751–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.05.054

15. de Souza Rp., Guedes H. The compounding pharmacy in Brazil: A pharmacist’s perspective. Int. J. Pharm. Compd. 2009; 13(1): 87–8.

16. Bertoldi A.D., Wagner A.K., Emmerick I.C.M., Chaves L.A., Stephens P., Ross-Degnan D. The Brazilian private pharmaceutical market after the first ten years of the generics law. J. Pharm. Policy Pract. 2019; 12: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-019-0179-9

17. McCallin S., Sacher J.C., Zheng J., Chan B.K. Current state of compassionate phage therapy. Viruses. 2019; 11(4): 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11040343

18. Slater J.E., Menzies S.L., Bridgewater J., Mosquera A., Zinderman C.E., Ou A.C., et al. The US Food and Drug Administration review of the safety and effectiveness of nonstandardized allergen extracts. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2012; 129(4): 1014–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.066

19. Gandesiri S., Srujana M.P., Reddy Y.P., Rathinavelu M. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and perception towards good pharmacy practice in community pharmacists of India. World J. Pharm. Res. 2015; 4990(5): 1738–46.

20. Huys I., Pirnay J.P., Lavigne R., Jennes S., De Vos D., Casteels M., et al. Paving a regulatory pathway for phage therapy. Europe should muster the resources to financially, technically and legally support the introduction of phage therapy. EMBO Rep. 2013; 14(11): 951–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2013.163

21. Henein A. What are the limitations on the wider therapeutic use of phage? Bacteriophage. 2013; 3(2): e24872. https://doi.org/10.4161/bact.24872

22. Scheepers H.P.A., Langedijk J., Neerup Handlos V., Walser S., Schutjens M.H., Neef C. Legislation on the preparation of medicinal products in European pharmacies and the Council of Europe Resolution. Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm. 2017; 24(4): 224–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-001016

23. Pirnay J.P., Verbeken G., Ceyssens P.J., Huys I., de Vos D., Ameloot C., et al. The magistral phage. Viruses. 2018; 10(2): 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10020064

Problems of Virology. 2020; 65: 259-266

A review of the regulatory framework for personalized bacteriophages registration

Landyshev N. N., Voronko Ya. G., Timoshina O. Yu., Suslina S. N., Akimkin V. G., Miroshnikov K. A.

https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-5-2

Abstract

The increasing trend in antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria dictates the need for alternative solutions. Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses that kill their hosts during the lifecycle. The high specificity of phages makes the production of personalized cocktails the best option. Registration of drugs with variable composition lies beyond the current legal policies. In the present review, we studied the regulatory framework of the top 10 world economies from the point of personalized bacteriophages registration. We underlined procedures that countries can learn from each other.

References

1. Fleming A. Penicillin. Nobel lectures, physiology or medicine 1942–1962. Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier Publishing; 1964.

2. O’Neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: Final report and recommendations. London: HM Government and Welcome Trust; 2018.

3. Cisek A.A., Dąbrowska I., Gregorczyk K.P., Wyżewski Z. Phage therapy in bacterial infections treatment: one hundred years after the discovery of bacteriophages. Curr. Microbiol. 2017; 74(2): 277–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-016-1166-x

4. International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook: Global Manufacturing Downturn, Rising Trade Barriers. Washington: International Monetary Fund, Publication Services; 2019.

5. Pirnay J.P., De Vos D., Verbeken G., Merabishvili M., Chanishvili N., Vaneechoutte M., et al. The phage therapy paradigm: Prêt-à-porter or sur-mesure? Pharm. Res. 2011; 28(4): 934–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0313-5

6. McCallin S., Oechslin F. Bacterial resistance to phage and its impact on clinical therapy. In: Górski A., Międzybrodzki R., Borysowski J., eds. Phage Therapy: A Practical Approach. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019: 59–88.

7. Oechslin F. Resistance development to bacteriophages occurring during bacteriophage therapy. Viruses. 2018; 10(7): 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10070351

8. Van Belleghem J.D., Dąbrowska K., Vaneechoutte M., Barr J.J., Bollyky P.L. Interactions between bacteriophage, bacteria, and the mammalian immune system. Viruses. 2019; 11(1): 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11010010

9. Hodyra-Stefaniak K., Miernikiewicz P., Drapała J., Drab M., Jonczyk-Matysiak E., Lecion D., et al. Mammalian Host- VersusPhage immune response determines phage fate in vivo. Sci. Rep. 2015; 5: 14802. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14802

10. Fauconnier A. Phage therapy regulation: From night to dawn. Viruses. 2019; 11(4): 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11040352

11. Sullivan T. A tough road: cost to develop one new drug is $2.6 billion; approval rate for drugs entering clinical development is less than 12%. Policy and Medicine. 2019. Available at: https://www.policymed.com/2014/12/a-tough-road-cost-to-develop-one-new-drugis-26-billion-approval-rate-for-drugs-entering-clinical-de.html

12. Todd K. The promising viral threat to bacterial resistance: The uncertain patentability of phage therapeutics and the necessity of alternative incentives. Duke Law J. 2018; 68(4): 767–805.

13. Mossialos E., Ge Y., Hu J., Wang L. Pharmaceutical Policy in China Challenges and Opportunities for Reform. Copenhagen: WHO; 2016: 1–212.

14. Wu J.Z., Hsu Y.C. Decision analysis on entering the China pharmaceutical market: Perspectives from Taiwanese companies. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2018; 125: 751–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.05.054

15. de Souza Rp., Guedes H. The compounding pharmacy in Brazil: A pharmacist’s perspective. Int. J. Pharm. Compd. 2009; 13(1): 87–8.

16. Bertoldi A.D., Wagner A.K., Emmerick I.C.M., Chaves L.A., Stephens P., Ross-Degnan D. The Brazilian private pharmaceutical market after the first ten years of the generics law. J. Pharm. Policy Pract. 2019; 12: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-019-0179-9

17. McCallin S., Sacher J.C., Zheng J., Chan B.K. Current state of compassionate phage therapy. Viruses. 2019; 11(4): 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11040343

18. Slater J.E., Menzies S.L., Bridgewater J., Mosquera A., Zinderman C.E., Ou A.C., et al. The US Food and Drug Administration review of the safety and effectiveness of nonstandardized allergen extracts. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2012; 129(4): 1014–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.066

19. Gandesiri S., Srujana M.P., Reddy Y.P., Rathinavelu M. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and perception towards good pharmacy practice in community pharmacists of India. World J. Pharm. Res. 2015; 4990(5): 1738–46.

20. Huys I., Pirnay J.P., Lavigne R., Jennes S., De Vos D., Casteels M., et al. Paving a regulatory pathway for phage therapy. Europe should muster the resources to financially, technically and legally support the introduction of phage therapy. EMBO Rep. 2013; 14(11): 951–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2013.163

21. Henein A. What are the limitations on the wider therapeutic use of phage? Bacteriophage. 2013; 3(2): e24872. https://doi.org/10.4161/bact.24872

22. Scheepers H.P.A., Langedijk J., Neerup Handlos V., Walser S., Schutjens M.H., Neef C. Legislation on the preparation of medicinal products in European pharmacies and the Council of Europe Resolution. Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm. 2017; 24(4): 224–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-001016

23. Pirnay J.P., Verbeken G., Ceyssens P.J., Huys I., de Vos D., Ameloot C., et al. The magistral phage. Viruses. 2018; 10(2): 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10020064