Вопросы вирусологии. 2020; 65: 62-70
Истоки пандемии COVID-19: экология и генетика коронавирусов (Betacoronavirus: Coronaviridae) SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 (подрод Sarbecovirus), MERS-CoV (подрод Merbecovirus)
https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-2-62-70Аннотация
С начала 2000-х годов зарегистрировано три независимых случая появления новых зооантропонозных коронавирусов (Betacoronavirus) человека, обладающих эпидемическим и пандемическим потенциалом. Первая вспышка инфекции (ТОРС, SARS), вызванная вирусом SARS-CoV, возникла осенью 2002 г. в КНР (провинция Гуандун). Вторая вспышка (БВРС, MERS), связанная с новым вирусом MERS-CoV, появилась осенью 2012 г. в Саудовской Аравии. Третья эпидемия, переросшая в пандемию COVID-19, вызванная вирусом SARS-CoV-2, возникла осенью 2019 г. в КНР (провинция Хубэй). В настоящем обзоре рассмотрены экологические и генетические аспекты, обусловившие появление новых зооантропонозных коронавирусов человека. Основным механизмом адаптации зоонозных бетакоронавирусов к человеку является изменение структуры рецептор-связывающего домена поверхностного белка S, в результате чего он приобретает способность связывать клеточные рецепторы эпителиальных клеток респираторного и пищеварительного трактов человека. Этот процесс определяется высокой генетической изменчивостью коронавирусов и их способностью к рекомбинации в процессе межпопуляционных взаимоотношений вирусов и их природных резервуаров - летучих мышей (Microchiroptera, Chiroptera). Появление вирусов SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 (подрод Sarbecovirus) и MERS-CoV (подрод Merbecovirus) связано с эволюцией этих и других вирусов, протекающей в популяциях летучих мышей, с их дальнейшей передачей человеку напрямую или через промежуточных позвоночных хозяев, экологически связанных с летучими мышами.
Статья подготовлена по материалам доклада на заседании Научного совета РАН «Науки о жизни» «Коронавирус - глобальный вызов науке»: Львов Д.К., Альховский С.В., Бурцева Е.И. Истоки пандемии COVID-19: происхождение, биология и генетика коронавирусов SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV (16 апреля 2020 г., зал заседаний Президиума РАН, Москва Ленинский проспект, д. 14).
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Problems of Virology. 2020; 65: 62-70
Source of the COVID-19 pandemic: ecology and genetics of coronaviruses (Betacoronavirus: Coronaviridae) SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 (subgenus Sarbecovirus), and MERS-CoV (subgenus Merbecovirus)
https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-2-62-70Abstract
Since the early 2000s, three novel zooanthroponous coronaviruses (Betacoronavirus) have emerged. The first outbreak of infection (SARS) caused by SARS-CoV virus occurred in the fall of 2002 in China (Guangdong Province). A second outbreak (MERS) associated with the new MERS-CoV virus appeared in Saudi Arabia in autumn 2012. The third epidemic, which turned into a COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, emerged in China (Hubei Province) in the autumn 2019. This review focuses on ecological and genetic aspects that lead to the emergence of new human zoanthroponous coronaviruses. The main mechanism of adaptation of zoonotic betacoronaviruses to humans is to changes in the receptor-binding domain of surface protein (S), as a result of which it gains the ability to bind human cellular receptors of epithelial cells in respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. This process is caused by the high genetic diversity and variability combined with frequent recombination, during virus circulation in their natural reservoir - bats (Microchiroptera, Chiroptera). Appearance of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 (subgenus Sarbecovirus), and MERS (subgenus Merbecovirus) viruses is a result of evolutionary events occurring in bat populations with further transfer of viruses to the human directly or through the intermediate vertebrate hosts, ecologically connected with bats.
This review is based on the report at the meeting «Coronavirus - a global challenge to science» of the Scientific Council «Life Science» of the Russian Academy of Science: Lvov D.K., Alkhovsky S.V., Burtseva E.I. COVID-19 pandemic sources: origin, biology and genetics of coronaviruses of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV (Conference hall of Presidium of RAS, 14 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, Russia. April 16, 2020)
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