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Вопросы вирусологии. 2018; 63: 165-170

УСИЛЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ФОКУСОВ ФОСФОРИЛИРОВАННОГО ГИСТОНА Н2АХ В ЯДРАХ КЛЕТОК ПРИ ИНФЕКЦИИ ВИРУСАМИ ГЕПАТИТА В И D

Костюшев Д. С., Брезгин С. А., Костюшева А. П., Липатников А. Д., Симирский В. Н., Мамонова Н. А., Волчкова Е. В., Малеев В. В., Чуланов В. П.

https://doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-4-165-170

Аннотация

Исходами хронического гепатита В (ХГВ) являются цирроз печени и гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома. Гибель и трансформация гепатоцитов при ХГВ связаны с влиянием вируса гепатита В (HBV) на клетку. Самым опасным видом повреждения генома клеток является образование двухцепочечных разрывов ДНК (ДЦР). Ранее было показано, что образование фокусов фосфорилированного гистона Н2АХ (уН2АХ) является надёжным индикатором ДЦР. Целью работы было изучение формирования фокусов уН2АХ при инфекции, вызванной HBV и HDV, на модели HBV in vitro, а также в биоптатах пациентов с ХГВ и ХГВ с дельта-агентом в биоптатах печени. Клетки гепатомы человека HepG2-1.1merHBV с активным циклом HBV были использованы для оценки экспрессии прегеномной РНК, уровней ДНК и кольцевой ковалентно-замкнутой ДНК (ккзДНК) HBV и иммуноцитохимического анализа образования yH2AX-гистона. Срезы биоптатов печени пациентов с ХГВ и ХГВ + D использовали для подтверждения результатов по генерации уН2АХ-гистона. В результате показано, что HBV вызывает образование многочисленных фокусов уН2АХ в культуре клеток HepG2-1.1merHBV in vitro и гепатоцитах пациентов с ХГВ и ХГB + D. В гепатоцитах пациента с ХГВ доля клеток без фокусов значительно ниже (49,9 ± 12,3% против 85,5 ± 0,9%; p < 0,05), а доля клеток с 1-10 фокусами уН2АХ выше (49,3 ± 12,6% против 14,5 ± 0,9%; p < 0,05) в сравнении со здоровым донором. При ХГВ + D происходит увеличение среднего числа уН2АХ-фокусов (3,5 ± 1,1 и 5,5 ± 1,5 против 0,5 ± 0,16 в контроле; p < 0,05). У пациентов c ХГВ и ХГВ + D снижается доля гепатоцитов без уН2АХ, возрастает доля клеток с 1-10 уН2АХ, появляются клетки с многочисленными (11-30 уН2АХ/клетку) фокусами. Таким образом, yH2AX-фокусы образуются при инфекции HBV in vitro, в гепатоцитах пациентов с ХГВ и ХГB + D и могут использоваться для оценки повреждения генома, связанного с HBV и HDV.
Список литературы

1. Bahcecioglu I.H., Sahin A. Treatment of delta hepatitis: today and in the future - a review. Infect. Dis. (Lond). 2017; 49(4): 241-50.

2. Mallet V., Hamed K., Schwarzinger M. Prognosis of patients with chronic hepatitis B in France (2008-2013): A nationwide, observational and hospital-based study. J. Hepatol. 2017; 66(3): 514-520.

3. Kim S., Lee H.S., Ji J.H., Cho M.Y., Yoo Y.S., Park Y.Y., et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein activates the ATM-Chk2 pathway and delays cell cycle progression. J. Gen. Virol. 2015; 96(8): 2242-51.

4. Maréchal A., Zou L. DNA Damage Sensing by the ATM and ATR Kinases. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2013; 5(9): a012716.

5. Zhao F., Hou N.B., Song T., He X., Zheng Z.R., Ma Q.J., et al. Cellular DNA Repair Cofactors Affecting Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Replication. World. J. Gastroenterol. 2008; 14(32): 5059-65.

6. Matsuda Y., Wakai T., Kubota M., Osawa M., Takamura M., Yamagiwa S., et al. DNA Damage Sensor γ-H2AX Is Increased in Preneoplastic Lesions of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Sci. World J. 2013; 2013: 597095.

7. Syed Abdul Rahman S.N., Abdul Wahab N., Abd Malek S.N. In Vitro Morphological Assessment of Apoptosis Induced by Antiproliferative Constituents from the Rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 2013; 2013: 257108.

8. Wlodkowic D., Skommer J., Darzynkiewicz Z. Flow Cytometry-Based Apoptosis Detection. Methods Mol. Biol. 2009; 559: 19-32.

9. Rogakou E.P., Nieves-Neira W., Boon C., Pommier Y., Bonner W.M. Initiation of DNA fragmentation during apoptosis induces phosphorylation of H2AX histone at serine 139. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275(13): 9390-5.

10. Lee W.P., Lan K.H., Li C.P., Chao Y., Lin H.C., Lee S.D. Pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic property of X protein of hepatitis B virus is determined by phosphorylation at Ser31 by Akt. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2012; 528(2): 156-62.

11. Turinetto V., Giachino C. Multiple facets of histone variant H2AX: a DNA double-strand-break marker with several biological functions. Nucleic. Acids Res. 2015; 43(5): 2489-98.

12. Kim S., Lee H.S., Ji J.H., Cho M.Y., Yoo Y.S., Park Y.Y., et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein activates the ATM-Chk2 pathway and delays cell cycle progression. J. Gen. Virol. 2015; 96(8): 2242-51.

13. Dan Y., Zhang Y., Cheng L., Ma J., Xi Y., Yang L., et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx)-induced abnormalities of nucleic acid metabolism revealed by 1H-NMR-based metabonomics. Sci. Rep. 2016; 6: 24430.

14. Zhao F., Hou N.B., Song T., He X., Zheng Z.R., Ma Q.J., et al. Cellular DNA repair cofactors affecting hepatitis B virus infection and replication. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008; 14(32): 5059-65.

15. Shah G.A., O’Shea C.C. Viral and Cellular Genomes Activate Distinct DNA Damage Responses. Cell. 2015; 162(5): 987-1002.

16. Arribas J.R., González-García J.J., Lorenzo A., Montero D., Ladrón de Guevara C., Montes M., et al. Single (B or C), dual (BC or BD) and triple (BCD) viral hepatitis in HIV-infected patients in Madrid, Spain. AIDS. 2005; 19(13): 1361-5.

17. Chen W.D.P. Chronic inflammation injury promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development via up-regulation of y-H2AX. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 10(4); 4431-40.

Problems of Virology. 2018; 63: 165-170

INCREASED FORMATION OF PHOSPHORYLATED H2AX FOCI IN NUCLEI OF CELLS INFECTED BY HEPATITIS B AND B+D VIRUSES

Kostyushev D. S., Brezgin S. A., Kostyusheva A. P., Lipatnikov A. D., Simirskii V. N., Mamonova N. A., Volchkova E. V., Maleyev V. V., Chulanov V. P.

https://doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-4-165-170

Abstract

Liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are the most common outcomes of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) induces transformation and cell death in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) represent the most dangerous type of genome damage. It was shown previously that generation of phosphorylated histone H2AX foci is a reliable marker of DSBs. The aim of this study was to analyse generation of yH2AX foci in HBV and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in vitro and in liver biopsies of patients with CHB and CHB with delta-agent (CHD). Human hepatoma cell line HepG2-1.1merHBV with activated HBV life cycle was used to perform real-time PCR for analysis of pregenomic RNA, HBV DNA, HBV cccDNA and for immunocytochemical analysis of yH2AX. Liver biopsies from CHB and CHD patients were analyzed to confirm the results. HBV induces multiple discrete yH2AX foci in HepG2-1.1merHBV cells in vitro and in biopsies of CHB and CHB+D patients. The ratio of hepatocytes w/o yH2AX foci is significantly lower (49,9+/-12,3% vs. 85,5+/-0,9%, p<0,05), while the proportion of cells with 1-10 yH2AX foci is higher (49,3+/-12,6% vs. 14,5+/-0,9%, p<0,05) compared to healthy control. There is a significant increase in the mean number of yH2AX foci in biopsies from CHB+D patients (3,5+/-1,1 and 5,5+/-1,5 vs. 0,5+/-0,16 in control hepatocytes, p<0.05). The ratio of hepatocytes w/o yH2AX foci is significantly lower in CHB and CHB+D patients, while percentage of cells with 1-10 yH2AX foci is higher. Rare hepatocytes with multiple (11-30 yH2AX foci per cell) foci appear in CHB and CHB+D patients. In conclusion, yH2AX foci are generated in hepatocytes of CHB and CHB+D patients and can be utilized to assess genome damage, associated with HBV and HDV viral infection.
References

1. Bahcecioglu I.H., Sahin A. Treatment of delta hepatitis: today and in the future - a review. Infect. Dis. (Lond). 2017; 49(4): 241-50.

2. Mallet V., Hamed K., Schwarzinger M. Prognosis of patients with chronic hepatitis B in France (2008-2013): A nationwide, observational and hospital-based study. J. Hepatol. 2017; 66(3): 514-520.

3. Kim S., Lee H.S., Ji J.H., Cho M.Y., Yoo Y.S., Park Y.Y., et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein activates the ATM-Chk2 pathway and delays cell cycle progression. J. Gen. Virol. 2015; 96(8): 2242-51.

4. Maréchal A., Zou L. DNA Damage Sensing by the ATM and ATR Kinases. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2013; 5(9): a012716.

5. Zhao F., Hou N.B., Song T., He X., Zheng Z.R., Ma Q.J., et al. Cellular DNA Repair Cofactors Affecting Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Replication. World. J. Gastroenterol. 2008; 14(32): 5059-65.

6. Matsuda Y., Wakai T., Kubota M., Osawa M., Takamura M., Yamagiwa S., et al. DNA Damage Sensor γ-H2AX Is Increased in Preneoplastic Lesions of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Sci. World J. 2013; 2013: 597095.

7. Syed Abdul Rahman S.N., Abdul Wahab N., Abd Malek S.N. In Vitro Morphological Assessment of Apoptosis Induced by Antiproliferative Constituents from the Rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 2013; 2013: 257108.

8. Wlodkowic D., Skommer J., Darzynkiewicz Z. Flow Cytometry-Based Apoptosis Detection. Methods Mol. Biol. 2009; 559: 19-32.

9. Rogakou E.P., Nieves-Neira W., Boon C., Pommier Y., Bonner W.M. Initiation of DNA fragmentation during apoptosis induces phosphorylation of H2AX histone at serine 139. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275(13): 9390-5.

10. Lee W.P., Lan K.H., Li C.P., Chao Y., Lin H.C., Lee S.D. Pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic property of X protein of hepatitis B virus is determined by phosphorylation at Ser31 by Akt. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2012; 528(2): 156-62.

11. Turinetto V., Giachino C. Multiple facets of histone variant H2AX: a DNA double-strand-break marker with several biological functions. Nucleic. Acids Res. 2015; 43(5): 2489-98.

12. Kim S., Lee H.S., Ji J.H., Cho M.Y., Yoo Y.S., Park Y.Y., et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein activates the ATM-Chk2 pathway and delays cell cycle progression. J. Gen. Virol. 2015; 96(8): 2242-51.

13. Dan Y., Zhang Y., Cheng L., Ma J., Xi Y., Yang L., et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx)-induced abnormalities of nucleic acid metabolism revealed by 1H-NMR-based metabonomics. Sci. Rep. 2016; 6: 24430.

14. Zhao F., Hou N.B., Song T., He X., Zheng Z.R., Ma Q.J., et al. Cellular DNA repair cofactors affecting hepatitis B virus infection and replication. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008; 14(32): 5059-65.

15. Shah G.A., O’Shea C.C. Viral and Cellular Genomes Activate Distinct DNA Damage Responses. Cell. 2015; 162(5): 987-1002.

16. Arribas J.R., González-García J.J., Lorenzo A., Montero D., Ladrón de Guevara C., Montes M., et al. Single (B or C), dual (BC or BD) and triple (BCD) viral hepatitis in HIV-infected patients in Madrid, Spain. AIDS. 2005; 19(13): 1361-5.

17. Chen W.D.P. Chronic inflammation injury promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development via up-regulation of y-H2AX. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 10(4); 4431-40.