Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023; : 73-85
Моделирование электрических параметров гальванической ячейки в процессе микродугового оксидирования
https://doi.org/10.18323/2782-4039-2023-4-66-7Аннотация
Микродуговое оксидирование является перспективной технологией получения износостойких антикоррозионных покрытий изделий из вентильных металлов и сплавов и применяется во многих отраслях промышленности. Одной из основных проблем данной технологии является низкая управляемость, обусловленная сложностью и взаимосвязанностью физико-химических явлений, происходящих в процессе нанесения покрытий. Для решения подобных проблем в настоящее время активно используются цифровые двойники. Исследование посвящено разработке математических моделей, которые целесообразно использовать в качестве структурных элементов цифрового двойника процесса микродугового оксидирования. Представлена электрическая схема замещения гальванической ячейки микродугового оксидирования, учитывающая сопротивление электролита, сопротивление покрытия детали в виде параллельного соединения нелинейного активного сопротивления и реактивного емкостного сопротивления. Предложена математическая модель, описывающая поведение электрической схемы замещения гальванической ячейки микродугового оксидирования. Разработана методика определения параметров указанной модели, включающая построение осциллограммы изменения сопротивления ячейки и ее аппроксимацию, оценку значений сопротивлений и емкости схемы замещения гальванической ячейки. Предложен способ расчета и разработана Simulink-модель процесса микродугового оксидирования, позволяющая имитировать осциллограммы тока и напряжения гальванической ячейки. Анализ модели показал, что модель устойчива, управляема и наблюдаема, но плохо обусловлена, что приводит к возникновению ошибок моделирования, максимальное значение которых составляет 7 % для напряжения и 10 % для тока. Методом параметрической идентификации с использованием экспериментальных осциллограмм тока и напряжения получены зависимости параметров схемы замещения гальванической ячейки от времени оксидирования. Установлено, что изменение среднего за период активного сопротивления гальванической ячейки коррелирует с толщиной покрытия.
Список литературы
1. Yu Ji-Min, Choe Han-Cheol. Morphology Changes and Bone Formation on PEO-treated Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Electrolyte Containing Ca, P, Sr, and Si Ions // Applied Surface Science. 2019. Vol. 477. P. 121–130. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.223.
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7. Botin-Sanabria D.M., Mihaita A.-S., Peimbert-Garcia R.E., Ramirez-Moreno M.A., Ramirez-Mendoza R.A., Lozoya-Santos J.J. Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review // Remote Sensing. 2022. Vol. 14. № 6. Article number 1335. DOI: 10.3390/rs14061335.
8. Zhu Lujun, Ke Xiaoxing, Li Jingwei, Zhang Yuefei, Zhang Zhenhua, Sui Manling. Growth mechanisms for initial stages of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on Al // Surfaces and Interfaces. 2021. Vol. 25. Article number 101186. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101186.
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11. Hussein R.O., Nie X., Northwood D.O., Yerokhin A., Matthews A. Spectroscopic study of electrolytic plasma and discharging behaviour during the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2010. Vol. 43. № 10. Article number 105203. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/43/10/105203.
12. Clyne T.W., Troughton S.C. A review of recent work on discharge characteristics during plasma electrolytic oxidation of various metals // International Materials Reviews. 2018. Vol. 64. № 3. P. 1–36. DOI: 10.1080/09506608.2018.1466492.
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15. Sowa M., Olesinski A., Szumski B., Maciej A., Bik M., Jelen P., Sitarz M., Simka W. Electrochemical characterization of anti-corrosion coatings formed on 6061 aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in the corrosion inhibitor-enriched aqueous solutions // Electrochimica Acta. 2022. Vol. 424. Article number 140652. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140652.
16. Polunin A.V., Cheretaeva A.O., Borgardt E.D., Rastegaev I.A., Krishtal M.M., Katsman A.V., Yasnikov I.S. Improvement of oxide layers formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation on cast Al-Si alloy by incorporating TiC nanoparticles // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2021. Vol. 423. Article number 127603. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127603.
17. Moga S.G., Negrea D.A., Ducu C.M., Malinovschi V., Schiopu A.G., Coaca E., Patrascu I. The Influence of Processing Time on Morphology, Structure and Functional Properties of PEO Coatings on AZ63 Magnesium Alloy // Applied Sciences. 2022. Vol. 12. № 24. Article number 12848. DOI: 10.3390/app122412848.
18. Mortazavi G., Jiechao Jiang, Meletis E.I. Investigation of the plasma electrolytic oxidation mechanism of titanium // Applied Surface Science. 2019. Vol. 488. P. 370–382. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.05.250.
19. Egorkin V.S., Gnedenkov S.V., Sinebryukhov S.L., Vyaliy I.E., Gnedenkov A.S., Chizhikov R.G. Increasing thickness and protective properties of PEO-coatings on aluminum alloy // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2018. Vol. 334. P. 29–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.11.025.
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Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023; : 73-85
Simulation of electrical parameters of a galvanic cell in the process of microarc oxidation
https://doi.org/10.18323/2782-4039-2023-4-66-7Abstract
Microarc oxidation is a promising technology for producing wear-resistant anticorrosive coatings for goods made of valve metals and alloys and is used in many industries. One of the main problems of this technology is low controllability caused by the complexity and interconnectedness of physical and chemical phenomena occurring during the coating process. To solve such problems, digital twins are currently actively used. The paper covers the development of mathematical models that are advisable to use as structural elements of the digital twin of the microarc oxidation process. An equivalent electrical circuit of a galvanic cell of microarc oxidation is given, which takes into account the electrolyte resistance, the part coating resistance in the form of a parallel connection of nonlinear active resistance and capacitive reactance. The authors propose a mathematical model describing the behavior of the equivalent electrical circuit of a galvanic cell of microarc oxidation. A technique for determining the parameters of this model was developed, including the construction of a waveform of changes in the resistance of the cell and its approximation, estimation of the values of resistances and capacitance of the galvanic cell equivalent circuit. The authors proposed a calculation method and developed a Simulink model of the microarc oxidation process, which allows simulating the current and voltage waveforms of a galvanic cell. The analysis of the model showed that the model is stable, controllable and observable, but poorly conditioned, which leads to modelling errors, the maximum value of which is 7 % for voltage and 10 % for current. By the parametric identification method using experimental current and voltage waveforms, the dependences of the parameters of the galvanic cell equivalent circuit on the oxidation time are obtained. It is found that the change in the period average of the galvanic cell active resistance correlates with the coating thickness.
References
1. Yu Ji-Min, Choe Han-Cheol. Morphology Changes and Bone Formation on PEO-treated Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Electrolyte Containing Ca, P, Sr, and Si Ions // Applied Surface Science. 2019. Vol. 477. P. 121–130. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.223.
2. Simchen F., Sieber M., Kopp A., Lampke Th. Introduction to Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation – An Overview of the Process and Applications // Coatings. 2020. Vol. 10. № 7. Article number 628. DOI: 10.3390/coatings10070628.
3. Troughton S.C., Nomine A., Nomine A.V., Henrion G., Clyne T.W. Synchronised electrical monitoring and high speed video of bubble growth associated with individual discharges during plasma electrolytic oxidation // Applied Surface Science. 2015. Vol. 359. P. 405–411. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.124.
4. Yang Kai, Zeng Jiaquan, Huang Haisong, Chen Jiadui, Cao Biao. A Novel Self-Adaptive Control Method for Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Processing of Aluminum Alloys // Materials. 2019. Vol. 12. № 17. Article number 2744. DOI: 10.3390/ma12172744.
5. Pecherskaya E.A., Golubkov P.E., Karpanin O.V., Artamonov D.V., Safronov M.I., Pecherskii A.V. Issledovanie vliyaniya tekhnologicheskikh parametrov protsessa mikrodugovogo oksidirovaniya na svoistva oksidnykh pokrytii // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Elektronika. 2019. T. 24. № 4. C. 363–369. DOI: 10.24151/1561-5405-2019-24-4-363-369.
6. Tu Wenbin, Zhu Zhunda, Zhuang Xiujuan, Cheng Yingliang, Skeldon P. Effect of frequency on black coating formation on AZ31 magnesium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in aluminate-tungstate electrolyte // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2019. Vol. 372. P. 34–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.012.
7. Botin-Sanabria D.M., Mihaita A.-S., Peimbert-Garcia R.E., Ramirez-Moreno M.A., Ramirez-Mendoza R.A., Lozoya-Santos J.J. Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review // Remote Sensing. 2022. Vol. 14. № 6. Article number 1335. DOI: 10.3390/rs14061335.
8. Zhu Lujun, Ke Xiaoxing, Li Jingwei, Zhang Yuefei, Zhang Zhenhua, Sui Manling. Growth mechanisms for initial stages of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on Al // Surfaces and Interfaces. 2021. Vol. 25. Article number 101186. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101186.
9. Rogov A.B., Huang Yingying, Shore D., Matthews A., Yerokhin A. Toward rational design of ceramic coatings generated on valve metals by plasma electrolytic oxidation: The role of cathodic polarization // Ceramics International. 2021. Vol. 47. № 24. P. 34137–34158. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.324.
10. Aliofkhazraei M., Macdonald D.D., Matykina E., Parfenov E.V., Egorkin V.S., Curran J.A., Troughton S.C., Sinebryukhov S.L., Gnedenkov S.V., Lampke T., Simchen F., Nabavi H.F. Review of plasma electrolytic oxidation of titanium substrates: Mechanism, properties, applications and limitations // Applied Surface Science Advances. 2021. Vol. 5. Article number 100121. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsadv.2021.100121.
11. Hussein R.O., Nie X., Northwood D.O., Yerokhin A., Matthews A. Spectroscopic study of electrolytic plasma and discharging behaviour during the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2010. Vol. 43. № 10. Article number 105203. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/43/10/105203.
12. Clyne T.W., Troughton S.C. A review of recent work on discharge characteristics during plasma electrolytic oxidation of various metals // International Materials Reviews. 2018. Vol. 64. № 3. P. 1–36. DOI: 10.1080/09506608.2018.1466492.
13. Golubkov P.E., Pecherskaya E.A., Artamonov D.V., Zinchenko T.O., Gerasimova Yu.E., Rozenberg N.V. Elektrofizicheskaya model' protsessa mikrodugovogo oksidirovaniya // Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika. 2019. T. 62. № 11. S. 166–171. DOI: 10.17223/00213411/ 62/11/166.
14. Mengesha G.A., Chu Jinn P., Lou Bih-Show, Lee Jyh-Wei. Corrosion performance of plasma electrolytic oxidation grown oxide coating on pure aluminum: effect of borax concentration // Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020. Vol. 9. № 4. P. 8766–8779. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.020.
15. Sowa M., Olesinski A., Szumski B., Maciej A., Bik M., Jelen P., Sitarz M., Simka W. Electrochemical characterization of anti-corrosion coatings formed on 6061 aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in the corrosion inhibitor-enriched aqueous solutions // Electrochimica Acta. 2022. Vol. 424. Article number 140652. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140652.
16. Polunin A.V., Cheretaeva A.O., Borgardt E.D., Rastegaev I.A., Krishtal M.M., Katsman A.V., Yasnikov I.S. Improvement of oxide layers formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation on cast Al-Si alloy by incorporating TiC nanoparticles // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2021. Vol. 423. Article number 127603. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127603.
17. Moga S.G., Negrea D.A., Ducu C.M., Malinovschi V., Schiopu A.G., Coaca E., Patrascu I. The Influence of Processing Time on Morphology, Structure and Functional Properties of PEO Coatings on AZ63 Magnesium Alloy // Applied Sciences. 2022. Vol. 12. № 24. Article number 12848. DOI: 10.3390/app122412848.
18. Mortazavi G., Jiechao Jiang, Meletis E.I. Investigation of the plasma electrolytic oxidation mechanism of titanium // Applied Surface Science. 2019. Vol. 488. P. 370–382. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.05.250.
19. Egorkin V.S., Gnedenkov S.V., Sinebryukhov S.L., Vyaliy I.E., Gnedenkov A.S., Chizhikov R.G. Increasing thickness and protective properties of PEO-coatings on aluminum alloy // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2018. Vol. 334. P. 29–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.11.025.
20. Kaseem M., Fatimah S., Nashrah N., Ko Young Gun. Recent progress in surface modification of metals coated by plasma electrolytic oxidation: Principle, structure, and performance // Progress in Materials Science. 2021. Vol. 117. Article number 100735. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100735.
