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Вестник Томского государственного университета. 2017; : 181-185

Особенности освещения кризисных событий в Сирии 1973-1982 гг. и сирийской гражданской войны 2011-2014 гг. в издании The New York Times: диахронический анализ

Юрышев А. В.

https://doi.org/10.17223/15617793/419/25

Аннотация

Рассмотрены и проанализированы особенности освещения кризисных событий в Сирии 1973-1982 гг. и сирийской гражданской войны 2011-2014 гг. в издании «The New York Times». Сравниваются такие характеристики, как используемая для описания сторон конфликта лексика, фокус на тех или иных аспектах конфликтов и частота упоминания различных тем и эмоционально окрашенных определений. Исследуются причины и значения выявленных особенностей освещения в зависимости от исторического контекста.
Список литературы

1. The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. URL: https://www.nytimes.com

2. Guerrilla Forces From Syria Cross Lebanon's Border. TimesMachine: May 10, 1973 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/ timesmachine/1973/05/10/90951753.html?pageNumber=7

3. Syrian Leader Eases Unrest and Strikes. TimesMachine: April 13, 1980 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/ 1980/04/13/114042502.html?pageNumber=8

4. Syrian Leader Said to Crush Extremist Plot. TimesMachine: November 28, 1980 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/ timesmachine/1980/11/28/111315672.html?pageNumber=17

5. In Golan, Intensity of Shelling Seems Guide to State of Arab Affairs // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/20/archives/ in-golan-intensity-of-shelling-seems-guide-to-state-of-arab-affairs.html

6. Israel vs. Syria // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/14/archives/behind-the-repeated-clashes-israel-vs-syria.html

7. Low Politics on the Golan Heights // NYTimes.com. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/16/opinion/low-politics-on-the-golan-heights.html

8. If Israel Can Only See the New Realities // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/10/archives/an-egyptians-vision-ofpeace-if-israel-can-only-see-the-new.html

9. Kissinger Is Given Arabs' Proposal for Syrian Front. TimesMachine: February 19, 1974 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1974/02/19/80526769.html

10. Soviet Prods Syria To Seek an Accord On Troop Pullback. TimesMachine: January 31, 1974 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.ny-times.com/timesmachine/1974/01/31/79639244.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=LedeAsset®ion=ArchiveBody&pg type=article&pageNumber= 1

11. Soviet Said To Send 40 Mig's To Syrians // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/21/archives/soviet-said-to-send-40-migs-to-syrians.html

12. Syrian Leader Said to Visit Moscow for Secret Talks - The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/07/archives/syrian-leader-said-to-visit-moscow-for-secret-talks.html

13. Israel Says Syria Pulls Troops from Golan to Suppress Revolt Elsewhere // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2012/07/18/world/middleeast/israel-says-syria-pulls-troops-from-golan-to-suppress-revolt-elsewhere.html

14. As Syria Opposition Unifies, Unrest Intensifies at Borders // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/ world/middleeast/syria-war-updates.html

15. Ordering More Airstrikes, Syria Calls French Recognition of Rebels 'Immoral' // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2012/11/15/world/middleeast/syria-war-developments.html

16. Israel: Bits, Bytes and Bombs // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/opinion/sunday/friedman-israel-bits-bytes-and-bombs.html

17. White House, in Shift, Turns Against Syria Leader // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2011/07/13/world/middleeast/13policy.html

18. For Israel, a U.S. Strike Is a No-Brainer // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/07/opinion/global/for-israel-a-us-strike-is-a-no-brainer.html

19. A Look Into the Moslem Brotherhood. Antipathy for Syria, Praise for Jordan. Article // NYTimes.com. URL: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9403EEDE1F31E432A25754C0A9649D94619FD6CF&legacy=true

20. Syria Opens Drive on Moslem Militants. TimesMachine: June 26, 1979 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/ 1979/06/26/111043669.html?pageNumber=3

21. Religious Freedom in Charter Said to Stir Syrian Disorders. TimesMachine: February 25, 1973 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.ny-times.com/timesmachine/1973/02/25/97116916.html?pageNumber=4

22. Syria Is Buffeted by Corruption, Violence and Economic Problems. August 31, 1977 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/ timesmachine/1977/08/31/75300782.html?pageNumber=4

23. Don't Fear Jihadists Returning From Syria // The New York Times. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/30/opinion/dont-fear-jihadists-returning-from-syria.html

24. Crushing Homs // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/03/opinion/crushing-homs.html

25. Do Not Attack Syria // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/! 1/19/opinion/do-not-attack-syria.html

26. Will Annan Save Assad? // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/29/opinion/will-annan-save-assad.html

27. Assad's Star Fades in City Where He Was a Hero. TimesMachine: April 3, 1980 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/ timesmachine/1980/04/03/111146466.html?pageNumber=3

28. Syria Said to Send Army Troops To Latakia to Put Down Rioting // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 1979/09/04/archives/syria-said-to-send-army-troops-to-latakia-to-put-down-rioting.html

29. Moslem Extremists in Syria Trying to Destabilize Government With Terrorist Attacks. TimesMachine: August 20, 1979 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/08/20/111053196.html?pageNumber=12

30. Killing of Rebel With Qaeda Links Opens Debate on Syrian Opposition // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2012/09/07/world/middleeast/killing-of-rebel-with-qaeda-links-opens-debate-on-syrian-opposition.html

31. As Syrian War Drags On, Jihad Gains Foothold // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/world/middleeast/as-syrian-war-drags-on-jihad-gains-foothold.html

32. Why Syria's Islamists Are Gaining Support // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/opinion/why-syrias-islamists-are-gaining-support.html

33. European Union Backs Syrian Opposition Coalition // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2012/11/20/world/middleeast/islamists-reject-new-syrian-opposition-coalition.html

34. How to Respond to the Syria Conflict // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/opinion/how-to-respond-to-the-syria-conflict.html

35. Islamist Rebels' Gains in Syria Create Dilemma for U.S. // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2013/04/28/world/middleeast/islamist-rebels-gains-in-syria-create-dilemma-for-us.html

36. Don't Fear All Islamists, Fear Salafis // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/20/opinion/dont-fear-all-islamists-fear-salafis.html

Tomsk State University Journal. 2017; : 181-185

Features of Syrian crises in 1973-1982 and the 2011-2014 Syrian civil war coverage in The New York Times: a diachronic analysis

Yuryshev A. V.

https://doi.org/10.17223/15617793/419/25

Abstract

This article is a part of research on specific characteristics of media coverage of a set of dual complexes of crises and conflicts which had place in the same areas but in different periods of time and under different systems of international relations. The considerable distinctions of the world and national political discourse in the researched periods, which were conditioned by the international situation, stereotypes and cognitive features of authors and audience of periodicals, caused the different particularities of media coverage. The analysis of these particularities allows identifying key purposes, objectives and intentions of information impact actors, as well as those methods and instruments used to influence public opinion. The primary objective of this article is the identification of the characteristics of media coverage of Syrian crises in 1973-1982 and 2011-2014 in the American periodical The New York Times, and their comparison. Interpretative content analysis, elements of quantitative content analysis and discourse analysis were used as methods of research. In the first analyzed case, the time frame is from February 1, 1973 to February 28, 1982. In the second case, the time frame is from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2014. The most notable characteristics of the researched events media coverage are the following. First, in the period of 1973-1982, The New York Times paid less attention the world politics and events in other states than in 2011-2014 as we can see on the assumption of quantitative and percentage correlation of the total number of articles and the number of articles which mention Syria. Second, the system of images changed, partly in connection with the negative attitude to radical Islam in Western public opinion established by the beginning of the 21st century, partly because of the changes in the situation in the Middle East in particular and on the world political arena in general. Third, the key international problem in the Middle East and North Africa, which was of current interest and formed regional and world agenda, was a complex of contradictions among Israel and the neighboring Arab states in 1973-1982. Thereby most mentions of Syria were in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict development. Fourth, the influence of the conflict in 2011-2014 on the policies of Western states are considered and analyzed in no less detail than the conflict itself: topics of the USA and world community intervention in Syria and actions of world leaders towards the warring parties, of prospects of the further Islam radicalization and religious extremism dissemination, embracing the territory of the Western countries, of refugees from the conflict area are broadly covered. In turn, it reflects the considerably growing dependence of world powers on events happening in other regions under the circumstances of globalization. Accordingly, the coverage of such events for the internal audience, shaping of a certain viewpoint become much more important.
References

1. The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. URL: https://www.nytimes.com

2. Guerrilla Forces From Syria Cross Lebanon's Border. TimesMachine: May 10, 1973 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/ timesmachine/1973/05/10/90951753.html?pageNumber=7

3. Syrian Leader Eases Unrest and Strikes. TimesMachine: April 13, 1980 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/ 1980/04/13/114042502.html?pageNumber=8

4. Syrian Leader Said to Crush Extremist Plot. TimesMachine: November 28, 1980 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/ timesmachine/1980/11/28/111315672.html?pageNumber=17

5. In Golan, Intensity of Shelling Seems Guide to State of Arab Affairs // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/20/archives/ in-golan-intensity-of-shelling-seems-guide-to-state-of-arab-affairs.html

6. Israel vs. Syria // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/14/archives/behind-the-repeated-clashes-israel-vs-syria.html

7. Low Politics on the Golan Heights // NYTimes.com. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/16/opinion/low-politics-on-the-golan-heights.html

8. If Israel Can Only See the New Realities // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/10/archives/an-egyptians-vision-ofpeace-if-israel-can-only-see-the-new.html

9. Kissinger Is Given Arabs' Proposal for Syrian Front. TimesMachine: February 19, 1974 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1974/02/19/80526769.html

10. Soviet Prods Syria To Seek an Accord On Troop Pullback. TimesMachine: January 31, 1974 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.ny-times.com/timesmachine/1974/01/31/79639244.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=LedeAsset®ion=ArchiveBody&pg type=article&pageNumber= 1

11. Soviet Said To Send 40 Mig's To Syrians // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/21/archives/soviet-said-to-send-40-migs-to-syrians.html

12. Syrian Leader Said to Visit Moscow for Secret Talks - The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/07/archives/syrian-leader-said-to-visit-moscow-for-secret-talks.html

13. Israel Says Syria Pulls Troops from Golan to Suppress Revolt Elsewhere // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2012/07/18/world/middleeast/israel-says-syria-pulls-troops-from-golan-to-suppress-revolt-elsewhere.html

14. As Syria Opposition Unifies, Unrest Intensifies at Borders // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/ world/middleeast/syria-war-updates.html

15. Ordering More Airstrikes, Syria Calls French Recognition of Rebels 'Immoral' // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2012/11/15/world/middleeast/syria-war-developments.html

16. Israel: Bits, Bytes and Bombs // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/opinion/sunday/friedman-israel-bits-bytes-and-bombs.html

17. White House, in Shift, Turns Against Syria Leader // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2011/07/13/world/middleeast/13policy.html

18. For Israel, a U.S. Strike Is a No-Brainer // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/07/opinion/global/for-israel-a-us-strike-is-a-no-brainer.html

19. A Look Into the Moslem Brotherhood. Antipathy for Syria, Praise for Jordan. Article // NYTimes.com. URL: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9403EEDE1F31E432A25754C0A9649D94619FD6CF&legacy=true

20. Syria Opens Drive on Moslem Militants. TimesMachine: June 26, 1979 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/ 1979/06/26/111043669.html?pageNumber=3

21. Religious Freedom in Charter Said to Stir Syrian Disorders. TimesMachine: February 25, 1973 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.ny-times.com/timesmachine/1973/02/25/97116916.html?pageNumber=4

22. Syria Is Buffeted by Corruption, Violence and Economic Problems. August 31, 1977 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/ timesmachine/1977/08/31/75300782.html?pageNumber=4

23. Don't Fear Jihadists Returning From Syria // The New York Times. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/30/opinion/dont-fear-jihadists-returning-from-syria.html

24. Crushing Homs // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/03/opinion/crushing-homs.html

25. Do Not Attack Syria // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/! 1/19/opinion/do-not-attack-syria.html

26. Will Annan Save Assad? // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/29/opinion/will-annan-save-assad.html

27. Assad's Star Fades in City Where He Was a Hero. TimesMachine: April 3, 1980 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/ timesmachine/1980/04/03/111146466.html?pageNumber=3

28. Syria Said to Send Army Troops To Latakia to Put Down Rioting // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 1979/09/04/archives/syria-said-to-send-army-troops-to-latakia-to-put-down-rioting.html

29. Moslem Extremists in Syria Trying to Destabilize Government With Terrorist Attacks. TimesMachine: August 20, 1979 // NYTimes.com. URL: http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/08/20/111053196.html?pageNumber=12

30. Killing of Rebel With Qaeda Links Opens Debate on Syrian Opposition // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2012/09/07/world/middleeast/killing-of-rebel-with-qaeda-links-opens-debate-on-syrian-opposition.html

31. As Syrian War Drags On, Jihad Gains Foothold // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/world/middleeast/as-syrian-war-drags-on-jihad-gains-foothold.html

32. Why Syria's Islamists Are Gaining Support // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/opinion/why-syrias-islamists-are-gaining-support.html

33. European Union Backs Syrian Opposition Coalition // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2012/11/20/world/middleeast/islamists-reject-new-syrian-opposition-coalition.html

34. How to Respond to the Syria Conflict // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/opinion/how-to-respond-to-the-syria-conflict.html

35. Islamist Rebels' Gains in Syria Create Dilemma for U.S. // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2013/04/28/world/middleeast/islamist-rebels-gains-in-syria-create-dilemma-for-us.html

36. Don't Fear All Islamists, Fear Salafis // The New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/20/opinion/dont-fear-all-islamists-fear-salafis.html