Развитие поэзии о природе в США: становление экопоэзии

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Вестник Томского государственного университета. 2017; : 32-44

Развитие поэзии о природе в США: становление экопоэзии

Гречишкина С. В.

https://doi.org/10.17223/15617793/419/4

Аннотация

Статья посвящена американской поэзии о природе. Цель исследования - выявить этапы развития поэзии о природе, уделив особое внимание такому феномену, как экопоэзия. Одной из основных задач является раскрытие отличительных черт данного вида поэзии. Важной задачей также является выяснение того, какие ценности легли в основу образа природы на каждом из этапов. Основными методами исследования выступают культурно-исторический метод и метод сравнительного анализа. Ведущим подходом исследования избран аксиологический. Материалом исследования служат произведения известных американских поэтов от периода колонизации до наших дней.

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Tomsk State University Journal. 2017; : 32-44

The development of nature poetry in the USA: the emergence of ecopoetry

Grechishkina S. V.

https://doi.org/10.17223/15617793/419/4

Abstract

The article focuses on American nature poetry, ecopoetry in particular. The topicality of the article results from the increasing interest to the literary works about nature. The study of nature poetry supplements the research of the system "human-nature", the results of which are necessary for finding sustainable ways of existence of a human as an integral part of nature. Finding such ways as well as regulating the moral attitude of humans towards nature is a present-day priority. The aim of this research is to detect the transformation of the image of nature in every period of development of American nature poetry and identify the characteristic features of ecopoetry. One of the primary objectives is to find out how cultural and historical circumstances influenced the changes in the image of nature. The primary methods of the research are cultural-historical and comparative methods. The main approach is axiological. This approach allows to find out what values were at the heart of the image creation. The author of the article assumes that the distinctive features of the image of nature depend upon the values of an author's value system and values typical to a certain historical period. The novelty of the research results partly from touching upon such a phenomenon as ecopoetry which appeared on the last stage of nature poetry development and which is a new field of interest for Russian literary studies and at the same time from the approach to the study of nature poetry. The author of the article analyses the works of such poets as A. Bradstreet, Ph. Freneau, T. Dwight, W. C. Bryant, R. W. Emerson, E. Dickinson, H. D. Thoreau, W. Whitman, H. W. Longfellow, H. Melville, T. S. Eliot, W. C. Williams, R. Frost, E. Bishop, M. Oliver, G. Snyder, Sh. Alexie and J. Harjo. The process of American nature poetry development can be divided into the following periods: 1) from the start of European colonization of America till Romanticism, 2) from Romanticism till the beginning of the American Civil War, 3) from the beginning of the American Civil War till Modernism, 4) present day. The primary value in the colonists value hierarchy was serving God. The image of nature reflected the idea of sinfulness of man. Literary space was divided into the positive 'upper part' and the negative 'lower part'. The poets used Biblical images as well as personification. The second period of nature poetry development saw nature as a spiritual phenomenon having a common origin with the human spirit. The creation of the image of nature was based on one of the main values of American culture - the value of personality. Nature was seen as a source of satisfaction of various human needs. In the third period poets paid close attention to the minor details of material objects and to the place where they lived. The aim of the poets was to make the readers see their surroundings afresh. For some poets to make the relations to nature stronger became one of the bases for the further human existence. In the fourth period nature poetry turned into ecopoetry. Ecopoetry focuses on the ethical questions of the relationship of man with other members of natural community and on the intrinsic value of each element of the ecosystem. It results in using special metaphors (the metaphor of family, home, etc.), rejecting the comparison of natural phenomena with the qualities of man, paying attention to the details of nature, turning to myths and using free verse.

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