Кто голосовал за НСДАП? К проблеме социальной базы национал-социалистов в Веймарской республике

Статья в Elpub

Вестник Томского государственного университета. 2018; : 116-121

Кто голосовал за НСДАП? К проблеме социальной базы национал-социалистов в Веймарской республике

Аннотация

Исследуется проблема социального состава избирателей НСДАП в период 1928-1933 гг. Рассматриваются концепции классового подхода в определении избирателей национал-социалистов, проблемы возрастного, гендерного и конфессионального деления в преференциях избирателей, а также роли повышения явки избирателей и перетекание электората между партиями в качестве факторов электорального успеха нацистов. Значимость проблематики заключается в дальнейших возможных заключениях о причинах головокружительного взлета национал-социалистического движения и прихода нацистов к власти.

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Tomsk State University Journal. 2018; : 116-121

Who voted for NSDAP?: On the problem of the social base of National Socialists in the Weimar Republic

Shults E. E.

Abstract

The article is devoted to the problem of the social composition of voters for NSDAP in 1928-1933. The author considers the concepts of a class approach in identifying voters of National Socialists, problems of age, gender and confessional division in voters' preferences and roles of an increase in the voter turnout and voters' shifting between the parties as factors of the Nazis' success. The importance of the problem of the NSDAP support by various social groups in the Weimar Republic elections consists in further possible conclusions about the reasons of an incredible rise of the National Socialist Movement and, generally, about the reasons of the Nazis' arrival to power. Today, any question raised in this regard cannot be considered as solved and causes heated arguments among researchers. The author comes to conclusions that the factor of religious affiliation played a role in decisions of the Zentrum Party and the Bavarian People's Party voters, but it was not crucial in the voting for NSDAP. The factor of female votes played a role for the Bavarian People's Party and the Communist Party of Germany, but not for NSDAP. Neither votes of young people aged 20-30 nor the growth of voting turnout could play a crucial role in the success of NSDAP. Voting turnout influenced the results for NSDAP and KPD, but not greatly in the general growth of these parties' ratings. For NSDAP, it began to make a difference at peak values, when the rating of the party reached nearly 14 million votes in the elections in July, 1932; only from this point a decrease or an increase in voting turnout directly influenced the party's results. Thus, an increase in voting turnout (at the expense of previous non-voters who did not go to elections or only received the right to vote) could not be the only and the most significant way of acquiring votes for NSDAP. The different preferences of male and female voters in the Weimar Republic exerted some impact on the general election results; the most essential was that there were more female than male votes (60 % and 40 % respectively) for the Zentrum Party, while KPD showed an opposite result: 60% of female and 40% of male votes. The two other main parties - SPD (throughout all Weimar history) and NSDAP (which became the main party in the last year of the republic) - collected equal proportions of votes. "Catholic votes" were divided unevenly by the gender principle. NSDAP collected equally or slightly more female votes in Protestant districts and slightly more male votes in Catholic regions. However, the divergence in these figures, especially at extremely high turnout, does not seem considerable, especially in the context of their crucial importance for the NSDAP victory. Generally, the analysis of preferences of Catholic and Protestant voters leads to a conclusion that during the voting for NSDAP the factor of religious affiliation was not crucial. The logic of further research prompts that votes for NSDAP grew in all groups of voters without a considerable disproportion (i.e. a crucial role of one of the groups); a significant role was played by the voters' shift from other parties.

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