Вестник Томского государственного университета. Биология. 2020; 1: 25-49
Репродуктивный успех Dactylorhiza incarnata ssp. cruenta (Orchidaceae) на северном пределе ареала
https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/49/2Аннотация
Список литературы
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Tomsk State University Journal of Biology. 2020; 1: 25-49
Reproductive success of Dactylorhiza incarnata ssp. cruenta (Orchidaceae) on the northern border of its distribution area
https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/49/2Abstract
Due to specific biology, high decorative properties and poor resistance against anthropogenic factors, the orchids are among highly vulnerable plants in the flora of the world. Their protection cannot be efficient without the knowledge on their reproductive biology. These data are especially important for species on the borders of their distribution area with additional reproduction limiting factors. Our study object is a rare orchid species Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cruenta (Orchidaceae). Its biology is practically not studied.
We carried out investigations during 2000-2018 on the territory of the Komi Republic. We studied 5 coenopopulations (CP) of this species within the Vychegda-Mezen Plain (N61°38ꞌ59.01ꞌꞌ E50°40ꞌ14.32ꞌꞌ) and the Northern Urals (N62°04ꞌ14.48ꞌꞌ E58°29ꞌ27.97ꞌꞌ) (See Fig. 1 and Table 1). Some of them have been observed for a number of years. The average daily air temperatures in summer in these habitats in different years of the study are shown in Table 2. Morphometric characteristics of flowers and fruit in different populations of this species in the region were investigated (See Tables 3 and 4). A light microscope LOMO MSP-2 (4.5 × zoom) with a digital camcorder LOMO TC-500 was used to study seed morphometry. ToupView software was used in the research. We analyzed the average length and width of the seed, the ratio of these parameters, seed and embryo volume and the percentage of empty air space in the seed. In order to estimate seed quality, we took seed mixture from capsules from different plants throughout one CP (at least 600 seeds from each CP). Seeds without embryo were considered invalid. Seed number in capsules was determined using our original approach developed on the basis of the ImageJ 1.5 software (Kirillova and Kirillov, 2015 and 2017). We studied fruit set (See Fig. 2), seed morphometry and seed productivity of the species (See Tables 5-7). The data were processed by statistical methods using Microsoft Office Excel 2010; statistical calculations were performed using the R (ver.3.3.2). The data in the text and the tables are given as arithmetic mean with standard deviation (M ± SD), as well as minimal and maximal values.
Our studies showed that within the Komi Republic, in more northern coenopopulations, a significantly smaller number of flowers are formed than in the south of the region. Probably, the formation of a small but steady inflorescence is optimal in less favorable conditions. A change in the size of the flower (lip and spur) indicates adaptation to various pollinators in different parts of the Komi Republic (in the Vychegda-Mezen Plain and the Northern Urals) (See Table 3). We established that the effectiveness of pollination of the species in the Komi Republic was 59%; it is not related to the number of flowers. We revealed that the reproductive characteristics of the species are influenced by the temperature of the second decade of June (the time of flowering of the species in the region), as well as the sum of active temperatures (> 10°C) for the entire summer period. Seeds (0.57 mm long and 0.18 mm wide) and embryos (0.16×0.10 mm) of D. cruenta were smaller in the model region than in other parts of the species distribution area. Reproduction limiting at the European North of Russia is compensated by the formation of a larger number of seeds in a fruit, with a general decrease in their size which increases the chance of seeds to reach suitable conditions (places) for germination. Seed productivity is high, one fruit contains 9.7 thousand seeds and real seed productivity of the generative individual is 131.3 thousand seeds (See Table 7). The final indicator of reproductive success of the species at the population level is the number of young plants. The presence of juvenile individuals in all the studied coenopopulations of D. cruenta in different years of the study testifies to the successful seed reproduction of this species on the Northern border of its distribution area.
The paper contains 4 Figures, 7 Tables and 60 References.
The Authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
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