Журналов:     Статей:        

Вестник Томского государственного университета. Биология. 2018; : 24-35

Биология покоя и прорастания семян Stellaria media (L.) Vill. и Stellaria nemorum L.

Ткаченко К. Г.

Аннотация

Звездчатка средняя Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (Caryophyllacerae) часто служит объектом для оценки резистентности сорных растений к применяемым гербицидам. Особенности латентного периода и биологии прорастания видов этого рода в научной литературе не освещены. Исследование посвящено изучению особенностей биологии покоя и прорастания двух видов звездчаток: S. media и S. nemorum L., дико произрастающих в Ленинградской области. Семена собраны в течение нескольких лет: часть из них хранили в лабораторных условиях (20-24°С), часть - в холодильной камере (5-7°С). Всхожесть семян оценивали в чашках Петри ежегодно. Установлено, что ежегодно эти виды в местах естественного произрастания образуют полноценные репродуктивные диаспоры, которые каждый год несколько различаются своим качеством. На качество и ритм прорастания семян оказывает влияние время созревания (лето, конец лета, начало осени). Семена изучаемых видов демонстрируют разные стратегии жизни. У однолетнего S. media - сохранение всхожести в течение многих лет (макробиотик), а у многолетнего S. nemorum в течение 4 лет (микробиотик). Семена однолетнего вида прорастают уже при +5°С в лабораторных условиях в течение года, вне зависимости от сезона. Семена многолетнего вида прорастают только в весенние месяцы, при этом их всхожесть достигает высоких значений (до 95%). У семян S. nemorum отмечена разнокачественность.
Список литературы

1. Цвелёв Н.Н. Определитель сосудистых растений Северо-Западной России (Ленинградская, Псковская и Новгородская области). СПб. : Изд-во СПХФА, 2000. 781 с.

2. Дикорастущие растения и грибы в медицине и кулинарии / Д.Т. Жоголев, Л.Л. Галин, И.И. Добросердова, А.Е. Коваленко ; под общ. ред. Э.А. Нечаева. М. : Воениздат, 1994. 448 с.

3. Ткаченко К.Г. Лекарственные растения: атлас-определитель. М. : ЗАО «Фитон+», 2008. 200 с.

4. Ткаченко К.Г. Лекарственные растения Санкт-Петербурга и Ленинградской области. СПб. : Региональный издательский дом, 2013. 360 с.

5. Киселёва Т.Л., Смирнова Ю.А. Лекарственные растения в мировой медицинской практике: государственное регулирование номенклатуры и качества. М. : Проф. ассоц. натуротерапевтов, 2009. 295 с.

6. Киселева Т.Л., Смирнова Ю.А., Блинков И.Л., Дронова М.А., Цветаева Е.В. Краткая энциклопедия современной фитотерапии с основами гомеопатии: справочник практического врача / под ред. Т.Л. Киселевой. М. : Изд-во Проф. ассоц. натуротерапевтов, 2010. 592 с.

7. Броувер В., Штелин А. Справочник по семеноведению сельскохозяйственных, лесных и декоративных культур с ключом для определения важнейших семян / пер. с нем. М. : Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2010. 694 с.

8. Batsatsashvili K., Mehdiyeva N., Fayvush G., Kikvidze Z., Khutsishvili M., Maisaia I., Sikharulidze S., Tchelidze D., Aleksanyan A., Alizade V., Paniagua N.Y., Bussmann R.W. Ethnobotany of the Caucasus // European Ethnobotany. Springer, Cham. 2016. 687 p. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50009-6_45-1

9. Chidrawar V.R., Pate K.N., Sheth N.R., Shiromwar S.S., Trivedi P. Antiobesity effect of Stellaria media against drug induced obesity in Swiss albino mice // Ayu. 2011 Oct-Dec; 32(4). РР. 576-584. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.96137

10. Ma L., Song J., Shi Y., Wang C., Chen B., Xie D., Jia X. Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activity of Chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.) Extracts in HepG2.2.15 Cells // Molecules. 2012. Vol. 17. РР. 8633-8646. doi: 10.3390/molecules17078633

11. Rogowska M., Lenart M., Srecec S., Ziaja M., Parzonko A., Bazylko A. Chemical composition, antioxidative and enzyme inhibition activities of chickweed herb (Stelaria media (L.) Vill.) ethanolic and aqueous extracts // Industrial Crops and Products. 2017. Vol. 97. РР. 448-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.058

12. Мальцев А.И. Атлас важнейших видов сорных растений СССР. М. ; Л. : Сельхозгиз, 1937. Т. 1. С. 52-55.

13. Бочанцева В.В., Симачёва Е.В. Семейство гвоздичные (Caryophyllaceae) // Жизнь растений. М. : Просвещение, 1980. Т. 5, ч. 1. С. 367-371.

14. Никитин В.В. Сорные растения флоры СССР. Л. : Наука, 1983. 454 с.

15. Clapham A.R., Tutin T.G., Moore D.M. Flora of the British Isles. 1990. 3rd Edition. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 688 р.

16. Mabey R. Flora Britannica. London : Sinclair-Stevenson, 1996. 480 р.

17. Preston C.D., Pearman D.A., Dines T.D. The New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002. 922 p.

18. Николаева М.Г., Разумова М.В., Гладкова В.Н. Справочник по проращиванию покоящихся семян. Л. : Наука, 1985. 348 с.

19. Vleeshouwers L.M., Bouwmeester H.J. A simulation model for seasonal changes in dormancy and germination of weed seeds // Seed Science Research. 2001. Vol. 11. PR 77-92.

20. Grundy A.C., Peters N.C.B., Rasmunssen I.A., Hartmann K.M., Sattin M., Andersson L., Mead A., Murdoch A.J., Forcella F. Emergence of Chenopodium album and Stellaria media of different origins under different climatic conditions // Weed Research. 2003. № 43. PE 163-176.

21. Overbeek L.S., Franke A.C., Nijhuis E.H.M., Groeneveld R.M.W., Rocha U.N., Lotz L.A.P. Bacterial communities associated with Chenopodium album and Stellaria media seeds from Arable Soils // Microb. Ecol. 2001. Vol. 62, № 2. PR 257-264. doi: 10.1007/s00248-011-9845-4

22. Heathcote G.D. Chichweed, Stellaria media - a source of viruses affecting crop plants // Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 2016. Vol. 20. P. 93-96.

23. Hill E.C., Renner K.A., Sprague C.L. Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), Common Chickweed (Stellaria media), Shepherd's-Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), and Field Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense): Fecundity, Seed Dispersal, Dormancy, and Emergence // Weed Sci. 2014. Vol. 62, is. 1. PP. 97-106. doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-13-00074.1

24. Van der Vegte F.W. Population differentiation and germination ecology in Stellaria media (L.) Vill. // Oecologia. 1978. Vol. 37, № 2. РР. 231-245

25. Verkleij, J.A.C., de Boer, A.M. & Lugtenborg, T.F. On the Ecogenetics of Stellaria media (L.) Vill. and Stellaria pallida (Dum.) Pire from Abandoned Arable Field // Oecologia. 1980. Vol. 46. PP. 354-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346264

26. Briggs D., Hodkinson H., Block M. Precociously developing individuals in populations of chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.) from different habitat types, with special reference to the effects of weed control measures // New Phytologist. 1991. Vol. 117, № 1. РЕ 153-164. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00954.x

27. Grundy A.C., Phelps K., Reader R.J., Burston S. Modelling the germination of Stellaria media using the concept of hydrothermal time // New Phytologist. 2000. Vol. 148. РР. 433444. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00778.x

28. Dakshini I., Dakshini K.M.M. Allelopathic interference of chickweed, Stellaria media with seedling grown of wheat (Triticum aestivum) // Can. J. Bot. 1998. Vol. 76. PR 1317-1321.

29. Ишмуратова М.М., Ткаченко К.Г. Семена травянистых растений: особенности латентного периода, использование в интродукции и размножении in vitro. Уфа : Гилем, 2009. 116 с.

30. Ткаченко К.Г. Гетеродиаспория и сезонные колебания в ритмах прорастания // Научные ведомости Белгородского государственного университета. Серия: Естественные науки. 2009. № 11 (66). С. 44-50.

31. Злобин Ю.А. Принципы и методы ценотических популяций растений. Казань: Казанский университет, 1989. 146 с.

Tomsk State University Journal of Biology. 2018; : 24-35

Biology of dormancy and germination of Stellaria media (L.) Vill. and Stellaria nemorum L. seeds

Tkachenko K. G.

Abstract

Species of the genus Chickweed - Stellaria L. (Caryophyllacerae) currently attract researchers as sources of biologically active substances on the basis of which new herbal medicinal products of a wide range of action are being developed. Chickweed or S. media often serves as an object for assessing the resistance of ruderal plants to the used herbicides. The features of the latent period of species of this genus are not covered in scientific literature. The study of the peculiarities of biology and germination of weed seeds allows us to develop agrotechnical measures either to combat them or to develop technology for cultivating various food crops. The aim of this research was to study the latent period and the rhythms of seed germination of two Chickweed species: Stellaria media (L.) Vill. and S. nemorum L. The seeds collected in their natural habitats in Leningrad region, Vyborg district, in the vivinity of Olshaniki village (60°21'N, 29°44'E) in 2014-2017 were used. During studies, seeds with a total weight of 1-2 to 4-5 g were collected annually (each lot consisted of about 6-10 thousand seeds). Some seeds were stored in the laboratory (20-24°С), the other part in paper bags in the refrigerator at 5-7°С; their small lots were regularly germinated (See Table 1). To study seasonal rhythms of germination, 100 seeds from one lot were placed in triple replication in sterile Petri dishes on a filter paper which was moistened with distilled water as it dried. Germinated seeds were counted daily for 30 days. S. nemorum seeds were separated in fractions by size using soil sieves with a cell diameter of 1 mm (small) and 2 mm (large). Separation of S. media seeds was unsuccessful. Data are presented as arithmetic mean and error of the mean. It is shown that, annually, these species form full-fledged reproductive diaspores, which differ somewhat in their quality each year. Seeds of the first species (S. media) were germinated regardless of the season. The peak of germination occurred in spring. In summer and autumn, the germination rate did not exceed 20-25%. When stored in the laboratory, the viability of seeds persisted for 4 years. Seeds of the second species (S. nemorum) were germinated only in spring months; germination reached high values (See Table 2 and Fig.). Its seeds also retained their viability for a long time, with annual declines of 10-15%. S. media seeds began to germinate even in the refrigerator, at a temperature of+5°C. S. nemorum seeds only began to germinate at a temperature above +15°C. When stored in the laboratory, the germination of seeds of this species persisted for 4 years, decreasing by 10-15% every year. Seeds of the two studied species of the genus Stellaria demonstrated different life strategies. The annual S. media showed the preservation of germination for many years, and the perennial S. nemorum for 4 years. Consequently, the soil bank of seeds was different, the microbiotic species retained their germination capacity for less than 5 years, mesobiotics for more than 5 years, and macrobiotics formed a long-term seed bank. In annual and perennial species, the rhythms of germination were different: in annual species they were fixed outside the season and for perennial species only in spring (at the beginning of the growing season). The seeds of S. nemorum were of different quality. The paper contains 1 Figure, 2 Tables and 31 References.
References

1. Tsvelev N.N. Opredelitel' sosudistykh rastenii Severo-Zapadnoi Rossii (Leningradskaya, Pskovskaya i Novgorodskaya oblasti). SPb. : Izd-vo SPKhFA, 2000. 781 s.

2. Dikorastushchie rasteniya i griby v meditsine i kulinarii / D.T. Zhogolev, L.L. Galin, I.I. Dobroserdova, A.E. Kovalenko ; pod obshch. red. E.A. Nechaeva. M. : Voenizdat, 1994. 448 s.

3. Tkachenko K.G. Lekarstvennye rasteniya: atlas-opredelitel'. M. : ZAO «Fiton+», 2008. 200 s.

4. Tkachenko K.G. Lekarstvennye rasteniya Sankt-Peterburga i Leningradskoi oblasti. SPb. : Regional'nyi izdatel'skii dom, 2013. 360 s.

5. Kiseleva T.L., Smirnova Yu.A. Lekarstvennye rasteniya v mirovoi meditsinskoi praktike: gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie nomenklatury i kachestva. M. : Prof. assots. naturoterapevtov, 2009. 295 s.

6. Kiseleva T.L., Smirnova Yu.A., Blinkov I.L., Dronova M.A., Tsvetaeva E.V. Kratkaya entsiklopediya sovremennoi fitoterapii s osnovami gomeopatii: spravochnik prakticheskogo vracha / pod red. T.L. Kiselevoi. M. : Izd-vo Prof. assots. naturoterapevtov, 2010. 592 s.

7. Brouver V., Shtelin A. Spravochnik po semenovedeniyu sel'skokhozyaistvennykh, lesnykh i dekorativnykh kul'tur s klyuchom dlya opredeleniya vazhneishikh semyan / per. s nem. M. : Tovarishchestvo nauchnykh izdanii KMK, 2010. 694 s.

8. Batsatsashvili K., Mehdiyeva N., Fayvush G., Kikvidze Z., Khutsishvili M., Maisaia I., Sikharulidze S., Tchelidze D., Aleksanyan A., Alizade V., Paniagua N.Y., Bussmann R.W. Ethnobotany of the Caucasus // European Ethnobotany. Springer, Cham. 2016. 687 p. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50009-6_45-1

9. Chidrawar V.R., Pate K.N., Sheth N.R., Shiromwar S.S., Trivedi P. Antiobesity effect of Stellaria media against drug induced obesity in Swiss albino mice // Ayu. 2011 Oct-Dec; 32(4). RR. 576-584. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.96137

10. Ma L., Song J., Shi Y., Wang C., Chen B., Xie D., Jia X. Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activity of Chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.) Extracts in HepG2.2.15 Cells // Molecules. 2012. Vol. 17. RR. 8633-8646. doi: 10.3390/molecules17078633

11. Rogowska M., Lenart M., Srecec S., Ziaja M., Parzonko A., Bazylko A. Chemical composition, antioxidative and enzyme inhibition activities of chickweed herb (Stelaria media (L.) Vill.) ethanolic and aqueous extracts // Industrial Crops and Products. 2017. Vol. 97. RR. 448-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.058

12. Mal'tsev A.I. Atlas vazhneishikh vidov sornykh rastenii SSSR. M. ; L. : Sel'khozgiz, 1937. T. 1. S. 52-55.

13. Bochantseva V.V., Simacheva E.V. Semeistvo gvozdichnye (Caryophyllaceae) // Zhizn' rastenii. M. : Prosveshchenie, 1980. T. 5, ch. 1. S. 367-371.

14. Nikitin V.V. Sornye rasteniya flory SSSR. L. : Nauka, 1983. 454 s.

15. Clapham A.R., Tutin T.G., Moore D.M. Flora of the British Isles. 1990. 3rd Edition. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 688 r.

16. Mabey R. Flora Britannica. London : Sinclair-Stevenson, 1996. 480 r.

17. Preston C.D., Pearman D.A., Dines T.D. The New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002. 922 p.

18. Nikolaeva M.G., Razumova M.V., Gladkova V.N. Spravochnik po prorashchivaniyu pokoyashchikhsya semyan. L. : Nauka, 1985. 348 s.

19. Vleeshouwers L.M., Bouwmeester H.J. A simulation model for seasonal changes in dormancy and germination of weed seeds // Seed Science Research. 2001. Vol. 11. PR 77-92.

20. Grundy A.C., Peters N.C.B., Rasmunssen I.A., Hartmann K.M., Sattin M., Andersson L., Mead A., Murdoch A.J., Forcella F. Emergence of Chenopodium album and Stellaria media of different origins under different climatic conditions // Weed Research. 2003. № 43. PE 163-176.

21. Overbeek L.S., Franke A.C., Nijhuis E.H.M., Groeneveld R.M.W., Rocha U.N., Lotz L.A.P. Bacterial communities associated with Chenopodium album and Stellaria media seeds from Arable Soils // Microb. Ecol. 2001. Vol. 62, № 2. PR 257-264. doi: 10.1007/s00248-011-9845-4

22. Heathcote G.D. Chichweed, Stellaria media - a source of viruses affecting crop plants // Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 2016. Vol. 20. P. 93-96.

23. Hill E.C., Renner K.A., Sprague C.L. Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), Common Chickweed (Stellaria media), Shepherd's-Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), and Field Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense): Fecundity, Seed Dispersal, Dormancy, and Emergence // Weed Sci. 2014. Vol. 62, is. 1. PP. 97-106. doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-13-00074.1

24. Van der Vegte F.W. Population differentiation and germination ecology in Stellaria media (L.) Vill. // Oecologia. 1978. Vol. 37, № 2. RR. 231-245

25. Verkleij, J.A.C., de Boer, A.M. & Lugtenborg, T.F. On the Ecogenetics of Stellaria media (L.) Vill. and Stellaria pallida (Dum.) Pire from Abandoned Arable Field // Oecologia. 1980. Vol. 46. PP. 354-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346264

26. Briggs D., Hodkinson H., Block M. Precociously developing individuals in populations of chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.) from different habitat types, with special reference to the effects of weed control measures // New Phytologist. 1991. Vol. 117, № 1. RE 153-164. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00954.x

27. Grundy A.C., Phelps K., Reader R.J., Burston S. Modelling the germination of Stellaria media using the concept of hydrothermal time // New Phytologist. 2000. Vol. 148. RR. 433444. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00778.x

28. Dakshini I., Dakshini K.M.M. Allelopathic interference of chickweed, Stellaria media with seedling grown of wheat (Triticum aestivum) // Can. J. Bot. 1998. Vol. 76. PR 1317-1321.

29. Ishmuratova M.M., Tkachenko K.G. Semena travyanistykh rastenii: osobennosti latentnogo perioda, ispol'zovanie v introduktsii i razmnozhenii in vitro. Ufa : Gilem, 2009. 116 s.

30. Tkachenko K.G. Geterodiasporiya i sezonnye kolebaniya v ritmakh prorastaniya // Nauchnye vedomosti Belgorodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Estestvennye nauki. 2009. № 11 (66). S. 44-50.

31. Zlobin Yu.A. Printsipy i metody tsenoticheskikh populyatsii rastenii. Kazan': Kazanskii universitet, 1989. 146 s.