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Судебная медицина. 2020; 6: 31-34

ПРОБЛЕМА ЖЕСТОКОГО ОБРАЩЕНИЯ С ДЕТЬМИ В ЯПОНИИ И СПОСОБЫ ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬНОГО УСТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ФАКТА ПОБОЕВ У РЕБЕНКА

Mimasaka S.

https://doi.org/10.19048/2411-8729-2020-6-2-31-34

Аннотация

В современной Японии жестокое обращение с детьми является социальной проблемой, что находит отражение в ежегодном увеличении числа обращений в детские консультационные центры. Из четырех форм жестокого обращения с детьми (отсутствие заботы, физическое, сексуальное и эмоциональное насилие) именно эмоциональное насилие получило распространение в стране. Доказательное установление насилия над детьми является непростой задачей. Обычная практика фотодокументирования предполагает инструктаж. В статье описываются три методики, основанные на альтернативных подходах к документированию побоев как доказательству жестокого обращения с ребенком. Так, спектрофотометрия позволяет исследовать оцифрованные цветные снимки кожных покровов с получением доказательных свидетельств единовременного наличия старых и свежих кровоподтеков. Вторая методика использует ультрасонографическое оборудование для оценки глубины и плотности подкожных кровоизлияний, полученных в результате побоев и уменьшающихся со временем. Ультразвуковая диагностика позволяет оценить оба этих параметра и описать процесс восстановления. Третья методика использует криминалистические фонари с источником УФ-излучения для улучшения визуализации выцветающих кровоподтеков, в том числе приобретающих трудноразличимый невооруженным глазом желтоватый оттенок. Эти методики подходят для целей визуализации кровоподтеков и документирования доказательств жестокого обращения с детьми. Методики апробируются с перспективой их применения в клинической практике.
Список литературы

1. Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. (In Japanese). https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11901000/000533886.pdf

2. Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. (In Japanese). https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kodomo/dv22/01.html

3. Ricci L. R. Photodocumentation in child abuse cases. In: Child abuse and neglect Diagnosis, Treatment, and Evidence. Ed. by C. Jenny. St. Louis: Elsevir Saunders, 2011. P. 215–221.

4. Hobbs C. J., Hanks H. I., Wynne J. M. Physical abuse. In: Hobbs C. J., Hanks H. I., Wynne J. M. Child Abuse and Neglect a Clinician’s Handbook. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1999. P. 63–104.

5. Mimasaka S., Ohtani M., Kuroda N. et al. Spectrophotometric Evaluation of the Age of Bruises in Children: Measuring Changes in Bruise Color as an Indicator of Child Physical Abuse. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2010;220:171–175.

6. Langlois N. E., Gresham G. A. The ageing of bruises: a review and study of the color changes with time. Forensic Sci Int. 1991;50:227–238.

7. Mimasaka S., Oshima T., Ohtani M. Characterization of bruises using ultrasonography for potential application in diagnosis of child abuse. Legal Med. 2012;14:6–10.

8. Hempling S. M. The applications of ultraviolet photography in clinical forensic medicine. Med Sci Law. 1981;21:215–222.

9. Lynnerup N., Hjalgrin H., Eriksen B. Routine use of ultraviolet light in medicolegal examinations to evaluate stains and skin trauma. Med Sci Law. 1995;35:165–168.

10. Vogeley E., Pierce M. C., Bertocci G. Experience with wood lamp illumination and digital photography in the documentation of bruises on human skin. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:265–268.

11. Krauss T. C., Warlen S. C. The forensic science use of reflective ultraviolet photography. J Forensic Sci. 1985;30:262–268.

12. Barsley R. E., West M. H., Fair J. A. Forensic photography. Ultraviolet imaging of wounds on skin. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1990;11:300–308.

13. David T. J., Sobel M. N. Recapturing a five-month-old bite mark by means of reflective ultraviolet photography. J Forensic Sci. 1994;39:1560–1567.

14. Smock W. S. Recognition of pattern injuries in domestic violence victim, In: Encyclopedia of forensic sciences. Ed. by J. Siegel, G. Knupfer, P. Saukko. 1st ed. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2000. P. 384–391.

15. Mimasaka S., Oshima T., Ohtani M. Visualization of old bruises in children: Use of violet light to record long-term bruises. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;282:74–78.

Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2020; 6: 31-34

CURRENT SITUATION OF CHILD ABUSE IN JAPAN AND EFFORTS TO OBTAIN OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE OF BRUISING FROM CHILD ABUSE

Mimasaka S.

https://doi.org/10.19048/2411-8729-2020-6-2-31-34

Abstract

Child abuse in Japan has become a social problem, with yearly increases in the number of consultations at child consultation centers. Of the four classifications of child abuse (physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse), Japan has seen a particular increase in emotional abuse. Capturing evidence of child abuse is difficult. Generally, photographs are used as evidence, but the photography requires instructions. Three studies are introduced with alternate methods to enable bruising to be used as evidence of child abuse. First, spectrophotometry is used to digitize the color of skin, and provide scientific evidence of the co-existence of old and fresh bruises. Second, the diagnostic equipment of ultrasonography is used to evaluate the depth and thickness of subcutaneous hemorrhages that are due to bruising and which decrease over time after the bruising had occurred. Ultrasonic diagnosis can evaluate both the depth and thickness of such subcutaneous hemorrhages and illustrate the healing process. Third, forensic light source was used, which effectively uses violet light to enhance the visibility of bruises over time, even after old bruises become yellowish and can be hard to differentiate with the naked eye. These methods are useful for visualizing bruises and for capturing the evidence of child abuse. The methods are currently under study, but application in a clinical setting is expected.
References

1. Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. (In Japanese). https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11901000/000533886.pdf

2. Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. (In Japanese). https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kodomo/dv22/01.html

3. Ricci L. R. Photodocumentation in child abuse cases. In: Child abuse and neglect Diagnosis, Treatment, and Evidence. Ed. by C. Jenny. St. Louis: Elsevir Saunders, 2011. P. 215–221.

4. Hobbs C. J., Hanks H. I., Wynne J. M. Physical abuse. In: Hobbs C. J., Hanks H. I., Wynne J. M. Child Abuse and Neglect a Clinician’s Handbook. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1999. P. 63–104.

5. Mimasaka S., Ohtani M., Kuroda N. et al. Spectrophotometric Evaluation of the Age of Bruises in Children: Measuring Changes in Bruise Color as an Indicator of Child Physical Abuse. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2010;220:171–175.

6. Langlois N. E., Gresham G. A. The ageing of bruises: a review and study of the color changes with time. Forensic Sci Int. 1991;50:227–238.

7. Mimasaka S., Oshima T., Ohtani M. Characterization of bruises using ultrasonography for potential application in diagnosis of child abuse. Legal Med. 2012;14:6–10.

8. Hempling S. M. The applications of ultraviolet photography in clinical forensic medicine. Med Sci Law. 1981;21:215–222.

9. Lynnerup N., Hjalgrin H., Eriksen B. Routine use of ultraviolet light in medicolegal examinations to evaluate stains and skin trauma. Med Sci Law. 1995;35:165–168.

10. Vogeley E., Pierce M. C., Bertocci G. Experience with wood lamp illumination and digital photography in the documentation of bruises on human skin. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:265–268.

11. Krauss T. C., Warlen S. C. The forensic science use of reflective ultraviolet photography. J Forensic Sci. 1985;30:262–268.

12. Barsley R. E., West M. H., Fair J. A. Forensic photography. Ultraviolet imaging of wounds on skin. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1990;11:300–308.

13. David T. J., Sobel M. N. Recapturing a five-month-old bite mark by means of reflective ultraviolet photography. J Forensic Sci. 1994;39:1560–1567.

14. Smock W. S. Recognition of pattern injuries in domestic violence victim, In: Encyclopedia of forensic sciences. Ed. by J. Siegel, G. Knupfer, P. Saukko. 1st ed. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2000. P. 384–391.

15. Mimasaka S., Oshima T., Ohtani M. Visualization of old bruises in children: Use of violet light to record long-term bruises. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;282:74–78.