Русский журнал детской неврологии. 2014; 9: 40-48
Анализ основных причин ошибочной диагностики эпилептических приступов и эпилептических синдромов (клинические особенности эпилептических приступов)
https://doi.org/10.17650/2073-8803-2014-9-4-40-48Аннотация
Эпилепсия – хроническое заболевание головного мозга, требующее длительной терапии и постоянного тщательного контролянад состоянием пациента. В связи с этим крайне опасны как гипердиагностика данного заболевания, так и гиподиагностика. Гипердиагностика ведет к необоснованному социальному «клейму», ограничению в правах, значительному снижению качества жизни пациента, проблемам в семье, назначению длительной антиэпилептической терапии, которая может приводить к возможным побочным эффектам. Гиподиагностика эпилепсии нередко приводит к дальнейшей резистентности приступов к лечению, их учащению, вероятности развития эпилептического статуса, жизнеугрожающих ситуаций, возможности развития когнитивных нарушений, связанных с заболеванием. Значительный прогресс в эпилептологии и медицинских технологиях (видеоэлектроэнцефалографический (ЭЭГ) мониторинг, методы нейровизуализации, генетические исследования), который был отмечен в последние десятилетия, позволил минимизировать ошибки лечащих врачей. Несмотря на это, и в настоящее время остаются сложности в диагностике эпилепсии. По мнению автора, существует круг эпилептических приступов, визуальная оценка которых крайне затруднена и без проведения видео-ЭЭГ-мониторинга практически невозможна. К таким сложно диагностируемым приступам могут быть отнесены короткие, фантомные, атипичные абсансы, абсансы во вне, эпилептический миоклонус век с абсансами или без, миоклонические, тонические, геластические, фокальные гипермоторные приступы, эпилептические ауры, фокальные версивные приступы, эпилептические спазмы, иктальные синкопы, негативный миоклонус, фокальный эпилептический миоклонус, эпилептические приступы, возникающие при закрывании глаз, и самоиндуцированные пациентами приступы. Автор подробно рассматривает каждый из этих видов эпилептических приступов, делая акцент на их диагностических критериях и характеристиках клинико-ЭЭГ-картины, которые наиболее важны при проведении дифференциальной диагностики. Собственный опыт автора и данные литературы показывают, что окончательную трактовку пароксизмальных состояний в целях минимизации диагностических ошибок следует проводить после проведения видео-ЭЭГ-мониторинга.
Список литературы
1. Бобылова М.Ю., Миронов М.Б., Мухин К.Ю., Петрухин А.С. Глазодвигательные нарушения у детей. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова 2014;1:81– 92. [Bobylova M.Yu., Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Petrukhin A.S. Oculomotor disorders of children. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatrics 2014;1:81–92. (In Russ.)].
2. Карлов В.А., Гнездицкий В.В. Абсансная эпилепсия у детей и взрослых. М.: Прессервис, 2005. 63 с. [Karlov V.A., Gnezditskiy V.V. Absence epilepsy of children and adults. Moscow: Presservice, 2005. 63 p. (In Russ.)].
3. Кваскова Н.Е., Мухин К.Ю., Миронов М.Б. Фокальный эпилептический миоклонус: дифференциальный диагноз и прогноз. Русский журнал детской неврологии 2014;9(3):6–12. [Kvaskova N.E., Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Focal epileptic myoclonus: differential diagnosis and forecast.
4. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2014;9(3):6–12. (In Russ.)].
5. Котов А.С., Рудакова И.Г., Мухин К.Ю. и др. Энцефалит Расмуссена. Описание двух клинических случаев. Русский журнал детской неврологии 2009;4(2):42–50. [Kotov A.S., Rudakova I.G., Mukhin K.Yu. et al. Rasmussen's encephalitis. Two clinical case reports. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2009;4(2):42–50. (In Russ.)].
6. Миронов М.Б. Эпилептический миоклонус век (лекция). Русский журнал детской неврологии 2010;5(4):29–38. [Mironov M.B. Epileptic myoclonus of the eyelids (lecture). Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2010;5(4):29–38. (In Russ.)].
7. Миронов М.Б., Иванова И.В., Мухин К.Ю. Геластические приступы. Эпилепсия 2014;6(3):20–9. [Mironov M.B., Ivanova I.V., Mukhin K.Yu. Gelastic seizures. Epilepsy 2014;6(3):20–9. (In Russ.)].
8. Миронов М.Б., Мухин К.Ю. Атипичные абсансы – распространенность, электроклинические и нейровизуализационные характеристики. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова 2012;112(6):18–26. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu. Atypical asences: prevalence, electroclinical and neuroimaging characteristics. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatrics 2012;112(6): 18–26. (In Russ.)].
9. Миронов М.Б., Мухин К.Ю. Клинические, электроэнцефалографические и нейровизуализационные характеристики пациентов с эпилептическим миоклонусом век. Русский журнал детской неврологии 2014; 9(2):15–23. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu. Clinical, electroencephalographic and neuroimaging characteristics of patients with epileptic myoclonus of the eyelids. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2014;9(2):15–23. (In Russ.)].
10. Миронов М.Б., Мухин К.Ю. Эффективность антиэпилептической терапии в лечении эпилептических синдромов, ассоциированных с атипичными абсансами. Фарматека. Психиатрия и неврология 2012;s3–12:55–60. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu. Efficacy of antiepileptic therapy for treatment of epileptic syndromes associated with atypical absences. Pharmateka. Psychiatry and Neurology 2012;s3–12:55–60. (In Russ.)].
11. Миронов М.Б., Мухин К.Ю., Гоева И.А. и др. Окципитальные окулотонические приступы при симптоматическом варианте синдрома Веста (клиническое наблюдение). Русский журнал детской неврологии 2009;4(3):34–40. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Goyeva I.A. et al. Occipital oculotonic seizures with syptomatic variant of the west syndrome (clinical observation). Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2009;4(3):34–40. (In Russ.)].
12. Миронов М.Б., Мухин К.Ю., Кременчугская М.Р., Петрухин А.С. ВидеоЭЭГ-мониторинг в диагностике эпилептического негативного миоклонуса. Клинический случай. Русский журнал детской неврологии 2009;4(2):51–9. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Kremenchugskaya M.R., Petrukhin A.S. Video EEG monitoring in diagnostics of epileptic negative mioclonus. Clinical case report. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2009;4(2):51–9. (In Russ.)].
13. Миронов М.Б., Мухин К.Ю., Теплышева А.М. и др. Эпилептические приступы во сне, имеющие клинико-электроэнцефалографические характеристики абсансов. Абсансы во сне: конфликт дефиниций. Русский журнал детской неврологии 2008;2(3):24–9. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Teplysheva A.M. et al. Epileptic seizures during sleep that have clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of absences. Absances during sleep: conflict of definitions. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2008;2(3):24–9. (In Russ.)].
14. Миронов М.Б., Ноговицын В.Ю., Абрамов М.О. и др. Синдром Феджермана (доброкачественный неэпилептический миоклонус младенчества). Клинические случаи. Эпилепсия 2013;2:42–6. [Mironov .B., Nogovitsyn V.Yu., Abramov M.O. et al. Fejerman syndrome (benign non-epileptic mioclonus of early infancy). Clinical case reports. Epilepsy 2013;2:42–6. (In Russ.)].
15. Мухин К.Ю., Кваскова Н.Е., Миронов М.Б. и др. Кожевниковская эпилепсия при клещевом русском весенне-летнем энцефалите. Детская больница 2011;2:30–4. [Mukhin K.Yu., Kvaskova N.E., Mironov M.B. et al. Kozhevnikov epilepsy with russian tick-borne spring and summer encephalitis. Detskaya Bolnitsa 2011;2: 30–4. (In Russ.)].
16. Мухин К.Ю., Миронов М.Б. Фокальные приступы с гиперкинетическими (гипермоторными) автоматизмами в педи атрической практике. Эпилепсия 2014;6(2):19–28. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Focal seizures with hyperkinetic automatisms in pediatric practice. Epilepsy 2014;6(2):19–28. (In Russ.)].
17. Мухин К.Ю., Миронов М.Б. Эпилептические спазмы: нозологическая характеристика и подходы к терапии. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. Эпилепсия 2012;спецвыпуск 1:4–9. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Epileptic spasms: nosological characteristics and approaches to therapy. Neurology, meuropsychiatry, psychosomatics. Epilepsy 2012;Special Issue 1:4–9. (In Russ.)].
18. Мухин К.Ю., Миронов М.Б., Барлетова Е.И. Эпилептические ауры: клинические характеристики и топическое значение. Русский журнал детской неврологии 2011;6(1):19–30. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Barletova E.I. Epileptic auras: clinical characteristics and topical importance. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2011;6(1):19–30. (In Russ.)].
19. Мухин К.Ю., Миронов М.Б., Какаулина В.С. и др. Фокальные аутомоторные приступы с атоническим компонентом, исходящие из височной коры. Русский журнал детской неврологии 2010;5(4):3–16. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Kakaulina V.S. et al. Focal automotoric seizures with atonic omponent originating from the temporal cortex. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2010;5(4): 3–16. (In Russ.)].
20. Мухин К.Ю., Миронов М.Б., Кваскова Н.Е. и др. Эпилепсия Кожевникова у детей. Русский журнал детской неврологии 2006;1(2):19–29. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Kvaskova N.E. et al. Kozhevnikov epilepsy of children. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2006;1(2): 19–29. (In Russ.)].
21. Мухин К.Ю., Миронов М.Б., Кваскова Н.Е. и др. Эпилептический негативный миоклонус. Эпилепсия 2011;2: 15–21. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Kvaskova N.E. et al. Epileptic negative mioclonus. Epilepsy 2011;2:15–21. (In Russ.)].
22. Мухин К.Ю., Миронов М.Б. Клинико-электроэнцефалографические характеристики и лечение эпилептических синдромов, ассоциированных с тоническими приступами. Русский журнал детской неврологии 2014;9(3):13–22. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics and treatment of epileptic syndromes associated with tonic seizures. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2014;9(3):13–22. (In Russ.)].
23. Мухин К.Ю., Миронов М.Б., Петрухин А.С. Эпилептические синдромы. Диагностика и терапия. Руководство для врачей. М.: Системные решения, 2014. 376 с. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Petrukhin A.S. Epileptic syndromes. Diagnostics and therapy. Manual for physicians. Moscow: Systemnye Resheniya, 2014. 376 p. (In Russ.)].
24. Мухин К.Ю., Петрухин А.С. Идиопатические формы эпилепсии: систематика, диагностика, терапия. М., 2000. 319 с. [Mukhin K.Yu., Petrukhin A.S. Idiopathic forms of epilepsy: systematics, diagnostics, therapy. Мoscow, 2000. 319 p. (In Russ.)].
25. Петрухин А.С., Мухин К.Ю., Благосклонова Н.К. Эпилептология детского возраста. М.: Медицина, 2000. [Petrukhin A.S., Mukhin K.Yu., Blagosklonova N.K. Epileptology of childhood. Moscow: Medicine, 2000. (In Russ.)].
26. Холин А.А., Мухин К.Ю. Синдром Веста. Этиология, электроклинические характеристики и дифференциальный диагноз. В кн.: Мухин К.Ю., Петрухин А.С., Холин А.А. Эпилептические энцефалопатии и схожие синдромы у детей. М.: Арт- Сервис Лтд., 2011. С. 95–133. [Kholin A.A., Mukhin K.Yu. West syndrome. Etiology, electroclinical characteristics, and differential diagnosis. In: Mukhin K.Yu., Petrukhin A.S., Kholin A.A. Epileptic encephalopathies and similar syndromes of children. Moscow: ArtService Ltd. 2011. Pp. 95–133. (In Russ.)].
27. Berg A.T., Berkovic S.F., Brodie M.J. et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of the epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009. Epilepsia 2010;51(4):676–85.
28. Bien C.G., Elger C.E. Epilepsia partialis continua: semiology and differential diagnoses. Epileptic Disord 2008;10(1):3–7.
29. Blume W.T., Lüders H.O., Mizrahi E. et al. Glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology: report of the ILAE task force on classification and terminology. Epilepsia 2001;42(9):1212–8.
30. Dalla Bernardina B., Fontana E., Michelizza B. еt al. Partial epilepsies of childhood, bilateral synchronization, continuous spike-wave during slow sleep. In: Advances in epileptology. XVIIth Epilepsy International Symposium. J. Manelis, E. Bental, J.N. Loeber, F.E. Dreifuss (eds.). N. Y.: Raven Press, 1989. Рр. 295–302.
31. Daly D.D., Mulder D.W. Gelastic epilepsy. Neurology 1957;7(3):189–92.
32. Engel J.Jr.; International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2001;42(6):796–803.
33. Escueta A.V., Bacsal F.E., Treiman D.M. Complex partial seizures on closed-circuit television and EEG: a study of 691 attacks in 79 patients. Ann Neurol 1982;11(3):292–300.
34. Ferner R., Panayiotopoulos C.P. Phantom typical absences, absence status, and experiential phenomena. Seizure 1993;2(3):253–6.
35. Ferrie C., Caraballo R., Covanis A. et al. Panayiotopoulos syndrome: a consensus view. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006;48(3):236–40.
36. Ferrie C.D., Caraballo R., Covanis A. et al. Autonomic status epilepticus in Panayiotopoulos syndrome and other childhood and adult epilepsies: a consensus view. Epilepsia 2007;48(6):1165–72.
37. Ferrie C.D., Koutroumanidis M., Rowlinson S. et al. Atypical evolution of Panayiotopoulos syndrome: a case report. Epileptic Disord 2002;4(1):35–42.
38. Gascon G.G., Lombroso C.T. Epileptic (gelastic) laughter. Epilepsia 1971;12(1):63–76.
39. Gastaut H. Clinical and electroencephalographical classification of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1970;11(1): 102–13.
40. Guerrini R., Dravet C., Genton P. et al. Epileptic negative myoclonus. Neurology 1993;43(6):1078–83.
41. Guerrini R., Takahashi T. Myoclonus and epilepsy. Handb Clin Neurol 2013;111:667–79.
42. Holmes G.L. Partial complex seizures in children: an analysis of 69 seizures in 24 patients using EEG FM radiotelemetry and videotape recording. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;57(1):13–20.
43. Luders H.O., Noachtar S. Atlas of еpileptic seizures and syndromes. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2001. Pр. 26–7.
44. Luders H.O., Noachtar S. Epileptic seizures. Pathophysiology and clinical semiology. N. Y., 2000. 796 р.
45. Niedermeyer E. Sleep electroencephalograms in petit mal. Arch Neurol 1965;12:625–30.
46. Oguni H., Hayashi K., Imai K. еt al. Study on the early-onset variant of benign childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms otherwise described as early-onset benign occipital seizure susceptibility syndrome. Epilepsia 1999;40(7):1020–30.
47. Panayiotopoulos C.P. A Сlinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and their Treatment. UK: Blandon Medical Publishing, 2002. 96 p.
48. Panayiotopoulos C.P. A Сlinical Guide to Еpileptic Syndromes and their Тreatment. 2nd edition. Springer, 2010. 620 р.
49. Panayiotopoulos C.P. Autonomic seizures and autonomic status epilepticus peculiar to childhood: diagnosis and management. Epilepsy Behav 2004;5(3):286–95.
50. Panayiotopoulos C.P. Benign nocturnal childhood occipital epilepsy: a new syndrome with nocturnal seizures, tonic deviation of the eyes, and vomiting. J Child Neurol 1989;4(1):43–9.
51. Panayiotopoulos C.P., Agathonikou A., Koutroumanidis M. et al. Eyelid myoclonia with absences: the symptoms. In: Eyelid myoclonia with absences. J.S. Duncan, C.P. Panayiotopoulos (eds.). London: John Libbey and Company Ltd, 1996. Рр. 17–26.
52. Parisi P., Ferri R., Pagani J. et al. Ictal video-polysomnography and EEG spectral analysis in a child with severe Panayiotopoulos syndrome. Epileptic Disord 2005;7(4):333–9.
53. Penfield W., Jasper K. Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain. Boston: Little, Brown, 1954.
54. Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1981;22(4):489–501.
55. Riqueta A., Auvina S., Cuisseta J.M. et al. Epilepsia partialis continua and defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Epilepsy Res 2008;78(1):1–6.
56. Tassinari C.A., Bureau M., Thomas P. Epilepsy with myoclonic absences. In: Epileptic syndromes in infancy, childhood and adolescence. J. Roger, M. Bureau, C. Dravet, F.E. Dreifuss, A. Perret, P. Wolf (eds.). London: John Libbey, 1992. Рр. 151–60.
57. Tassinari C.A., Rubboli G., Parmeggiani L. et al. Epileptic negative myoclonus. Adv Neurol 1995;67:181–97.
58. Tinuper P., Lugaresi E., Vigevano F. et al. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. In: Epilepsy and movement disorders. R. Guerrini et al. (еds.). Cambridge, 2001. Рр. 97–109.
Russian Journal of Child Neurology. 2014; 9: 40-48
ANALYSIS OF MAIN REASONS FOR MISTAKES IN DIAGNOSTICS OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES AND EPILEPTIC SYNDROMES (CLINICAL PECULIARITIES OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES)
https://doi.org/10.17650/2073-8803-2014-9-4-40-48Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease that requires long therapy and continuous careful supervision of the status of the patient. In connection with this, both overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of this disease is extremely dangerous. Overdiagnosis causes ungrounded social "label", limitation in rights, significant decreasing quality of life of the patient, family problems, prescription of long-term anti-epileptic therapy that may cause potential side effects. Underdiagnosis of epilepsy frequently causes further resistance of seizures to therapy, they become more frequent, there appears the possibility of development of epileptic status, life threatening situations, possibility of development of cognitive disorders associated with the disease. A significant progress in epileptology and medical technologies (video electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, neuroimaging methods, genetic studies) that has been marked in recent decades has allowed minimizing errors of physicians. Despite this, certain difficulties still remain in diagnostics of epilepsy. In the author's opinion, there is a range of epileptic seizures visual assessment of which is extremely difficult and is literally impossible without video EEG monitoring. Short, phantom, atypical absences, absences on the outside, epileptic myoclonus of the eyelids with or without absences, myoclonic, tonic, gelastic, focal hyperkinetic seizures, epileptic aura, reversing focal seizures, epileptic spasms, ictal syncopes, negative myoclonus, focal epileptic myoclonus, epileptic seizures arising when closing the eyes, and self-induced seizures can be attributed to such seizures with difficulties in diagnosis. The author reviews each of these types epileptic seizures in details focusing the attention on their diagnostic criteria and characteristics of the clinical and the EEF features that are of utmost importance in the course of performance of differential diagnostics. Own experience of the author and data of literature show that one should perform final interpretation of paroxysmal states only after video EEG monitoring for the purpose of minimizing diagnostic errors.
References
1. Bobylova M.Yu., Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Petrukhin A.S. Glazodvigatel'nye narusheniya u detei. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 2014;1:81– 92. [Bobylova M.Yu., Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Petrukhin A.S. Oculomotor disorders of children. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatrics 2014;1:81–92. (In Russ.)].
2. Karlov V.A., Gnezditskii V.V. Absansnaya epilepsiya u detei i vzroslykh. M.: Presservis, 2005. 63 s. [Karlov V.A., Gnezditskiy V.V. Absence epilepsy of children and adults. Moscow: Presservice, 2005. 63 p. (In Russ.)].
3. Kvaskova N.E., Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Fokal'nyi epilepticheskii mioklonus: differentsial'nyi diagnoz i prognoz. Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii 2014;9(3):6–12. [Kvaskova N.E., Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Focal epileptic myoclonus: differential diagnosis and forecast.
4. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2014;9(3):6–12. (In Russ.)].
5. Kotov A.S., Rudakova I.G., Mukhin K.Yu. i dr. Entsefalit Rasmussena. Opisanie dvukh klinicheskikh sluchaev. Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii 2009;4(2):42–50. [Kotov A.S., Rudakova I.G., Mukhin K.Yu. et al. Rasmussen's encephalitis. Two clinical case reports. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2009;4(2):42–50. (In Russ.)].
6. Mironov M.B. Epilepticheskii mioklonus vek (lektsiya). Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii 2010;5(4):29–38. [Mironov M.B. Epileptic myoclonus of the eyelids (lecture). Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2010;5(4):29–38. (In Russ.)].
7. Mironov M.B., Ivanova I.V., Mukhin K.Yu. Gelasticheskie pristupy. Epilepsiya 2014;6(3):20–9. [Mironov M.B., Ivanova I.V., Mukhin K.Yu. Gelastic seizures. Epilepsy 2014;6(3):20–9. (In Russ.)].
8. Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu. Atipichnye absansy – rasprostranennost', elektroklinicheskie i neirovizualizatsionnye kharakteristiki. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 2012;112(6):18–26. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu. Atypical asences: prevalence, electroclinical and neuroimaging characteristics. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatrics 2012;112(6): 18–26. (In Russ.)].
9. Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu. Klinicheskie, elektroentsefalograficheskie i neirovizualizatsionnye kharakteristiki patsientov s epilepticheskim mioklonusom vek. Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii 2014; 9(2):15–23. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu. Clinical, electroencephalographic and neuroimaging characteristics of patients with epileptic myoclonus of the eyelids. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2014;9(2):15–23. (In Russ.)].
10. Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu. Effektivnost' antiepilepticheskoi terapii v lechenii epilepticheskikh sindromov, assotsiirovannykh s atipichnymi absansami. Farmateka. Psikhiatriya i nevrologiya 2012;s3–12:55–60. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu. Efficacy of antiepileptic therapy for treatment of epileptic syndromes associated with atypical absences. Pharmateka. Psychiatry and Neurology 2012;s3–12:55–60. (In Russ.)].
11. Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Goeva I.A. i dr. Oktsipital'nye okulotonicheskie pristupy pri simptomaticheskom variante sindroma Vesta (klinicheskoe nablyudenie). Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii 2009;4(3):34–40. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Goyeva I.A. et al. Occipital oculotonic seizures with syptomatic variant of the west syndrome (clinical observation). Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2009;4(3):34–40. (In Russ.)].
12. Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Kremenchugskaya M.R., Petrukhin A.S. VideoEEG-monitoring v diagnostike epilepticheskogo negativnogo mioklonusa. Klinicheskii sluchai. Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii 2009;4(2):51–9. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Kremenchugskaya M.R., Petrukhin A.S. Video EEG monitoring in diagnostics of epileptic negative mioclonus. Clinical case report. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2009;4(2):51–9. (In Russ.)].
13. Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Teplysheva A.M. i dr. Epilepticheskie pristupy vo sne, imeyushchie kliniko-elektroentsefalograficheskie kharakteristiki absansov. Absansy vo sne: konflikt definitsii. Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii 2008;2(3):24–9. [Mironov M.B., Mukhin K.Yu., Teplysheva A.M. et al. Epileptic seizures during sleep that have clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of absences. Absances during sleep: conflict of definitions. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2008;2(3):24–9. (In Russ.)].
14. Mironov M.B., Nogovitsyn V.Yu., Abramov M.O. i dr. Sindrom Fedzhermana (dobrokachestvennyi neepilepticheskii mioklonus mladenchestva). Klinicheskie sluchai. Epilepsiya 2013;2:42–6. [Mironov .B., Nogovitsyn V.Yu., Abramov M.O. et al. Fejerman syndrome (benign non-epileptic mioclonus of early infancy). Clinical case reports. Epilepsy 2013;2:42–6. (In Russ.)].
15. Mukhin K.Yu., Kvaskova N.E., Mironov M.B. i dr. Kozhevnikovskaya epilepsiya pri kleshchevom russkom vesenne-letnem entsefalite. Detskaya bol'nitsa 2011;2:30–4. [Mukhin K.Yu., Kvaskova N.E., Mironov M.B. et al. Kozhevnikov epilepsy with russian tick-borne spring and summer encephalitis. Detskaya Bolnitsa 2011;2: 30–4. (In Russ.)].
16. Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Fokal'nye pristupy s giperkineticheskimi (gipermotornymi) avtomatizmami v pedi atricheskoi praktike. Epilepsiya 2014;6(2):19–28. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Focal seizures with hyperkinetic automatisms in pediatric practice. Epilepsy 2014;6(2):19–28. (In Russ.)].
17. Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Epilepticheskie spazmy: nozologicheskaya kharakteristika i podkhody k terapii. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika. Epilepsiya 2012;spetsvypusk 1:4–9. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Epileptic spasms: nosological characteristics and approaches to therapy. Neurology, meuropsychiatry, psychosomatics. Epilepsy 2012;Special Issue 1:4–9. (In Russ.)].
18. Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Barletova E.I. Epilepticheskie aury: klinicheskie kharakteristiki i topicheskoe znachenie. Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii 2011;6(1):19–30. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Barletova E.I. Epileptic auras: clinical characteristics and topical importance. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2011;6(1):19–30. (In Russ.)].
19. Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Kakaulina V.S. i dr. Fokal'nye automotornye pristupy s atonicheskim komponentom, iskhodyashchie iz visochnoi kory. Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii 2010;5(4):3–16. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Kakaulina V.S. et al. Focal automotoric seizures with atonic omponent originating from the temporal cortex. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2010;5(4): 3–16. (In Russ.)].
20. Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Kvaskova N.E. i dr. Epilepsiya Kozhevnikova u detei. Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii 2006;1(2):19–29. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Kvaskova N.E. et al. Kozhevnikov epilepsy of children. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2006;1(2): 19–29. (In Russ.)].
21. Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Kvaskova N.E. i dr. Epilepticheskii negativnyi mioklonus. Epilepsiya 2011;2: 15–21. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Kvaskova N.E. et al. Epileptic negative mioclonus. Epilepsy 2011;2:15–21. (In Russ.)].
22. Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Kliniko-elektroentsefalograficheskie kharakteristiki i lechenie epilepticheskikh sindromov, assotsiirovannykh s tonicheskimi pristupami. Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii 2014;9(3):13–22. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B. Clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics and treatment of epileptic syndromes associated with tonic seizures. Russian Journal of Child Neurology 2014;9(3):13–22. (In Russ.)].
23. Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Petrukhin A.S. Epilepticheskie sindromy. Diagnostika i terapiya. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei. M.: Sistemnye resheniya, 2014. 376 s. [Mukhin K.Yu., Mironov M.B., Petrukhin A.S. Epileptic syndromes. Diagnostics and therapy. Manual for physicians. Moscow: Systemnye Resheniya, 2014. 376 p. (In Russ.)].
24. Mukhin K.Yu., Petrukhin A.S. Idiopaticheskie formy epilepsii: sistematika, diagnostika, terapiya. M., 2000. 319 s. [Mukhin K.Yu., Petrukhin A.S. Idiopathic forms of epilepsy: systematics, diagnostics, therapy. Moscow, 2000. 319 p. (In Russ.)].
25. Petrukhin A.S., Mukhin K.Yu., Blagosklonova N.K. Epileptologiya detskogo vozrasta. M.: Meditsina, 2000. [Petrukhin A.S., Mukhin K.Yu., Blagosklonova N.K. Epileptology of childhood. Moscow: Medicine, 2000. (In Russ.)].
26. Kholin A.A., Mukhin K.Yu. Sindrom Vesta. Etiologiya, elektroklinicheskie kharakteristiki i differentsial'nyi diagnoz. V kn.: Mukhin K.Yu., Petrukhin A.S., Kholin A.A. Epilepticheskie entsefalopatii i skhozhie sindromy u detei. M.: Art- Servis Ltd., 2011. S. 95–133. [Kholin A.A., Mukhin K.Yu. West syndrome. Etiology, electroclinical characteristics, and differential diagnosis. In: Mukhin K.Yu., Petrukhin A.S., Kholin A.A. Epileptic encephalopathies and similar syndromes of children. Moscow: ArtService Ltd. 2011. Pp. 95–133. (In Russ.)].
27. Berg A.T., Berkovic S.F., Brodie M.J. et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of the epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009. Epilepsia 2010;51(4):676–85.
28. Bien C.G., Elger C.E. Epilepsia partialis continua: semiology and differential diagnoses. Epileptic Disord 2008;10(1):3–7.
29. Blume W.T., Lüders H.O., Mizrahi E. et al. Glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology: report of the ILAE task force on classification and terminology. Epilepsia 2001;42(9):1212–8.
30. Dalla Bernardina B., Fontana E., Michelizza B. et al. Partial epilepsies of childhood, bilateral synchronization, continuous spike-wave during slow sleep. In: Advances in epileptology. XVIIth Epilepsy International Symposium. J. Manelis, E. Bental, J.N. Loeber, F.E. Dreifuss (eds.). N. Y.: Raven Press, 1989. Rr. 295–302.
31. Daly D.D., Mulder D.W. Gelastic epilepsy. Neurology 1957;7(3):189–92.
32. Engel J.Jr.; International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2001;42(6):796–803.
33. Escueta A.V., Bacsal F.E., Treiman D.M. Complex partial seizures on closed-circuit television and EEG: a study of 691 attacks in 79 patients. Ann Neurol 1982;11(3):292–300.
34. Ferner R., Panayiotopoulos C.P. Phantom typical absences, absence status, and experiential phenomena. Seizure 1993;2(3):253–6.
35. Ferrie C., Caraballo R., Covanis A. et al. Panayiotopoulos syndrome: a consensus view. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006;48(3):236–40.
36. Ferrie C.D., Caraballo R., Covanis A. et al. Autonomic status epilepticus in Panayiotopoulos syndrome and other childhood and adult epilepsies: a consensus view. Epilepsia 2007;48(6):1165–72.
37. Ferrie C.D., Koutroumanidis M., Rowlinson S. et al. Atypical evolution of Panayiotopoulos syndrome: a case report. Epileptic Disord 2002;4(1):35–42.
38. Gascon G.G., Lombroso C.T. Epileptic (gelastic) laughter. Epilepsia 1971;12(1):63–76.
39. Gastaut H. Clinical and electroencephalographical classification of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1970;11(1): 102–13.
40. Guerrini R., Dravet C., Genton P. et al. Epileptic negative myoclonus. Neurology 1993;43(6):1078–83.
41. Guerrini R., Takahashi T. Myoclonus and epilepsy. Handb Clin Neurol 2013;111:667–79.
42. Holmes G.L. Partial complex seizures in children: an analysis of 69 seizures in 24 patients using EEG FM radiotelemetry and videotape recording. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;57(1):13–20.
43. Luders H.O., Noachtar S. Atlas of epileptic seizures and syndromes. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2001. Pr. 26–7.
44. Luders H.O., Noachtar S. Epileptic seizures. Pathophysiology and clinical semiology. N. Y., 2000. 796 r.
45. Niedermeyer E. Sleep electroencephalograms in petit mal. Arch Neurol 1965;12:625–30.
46. Oguni H., Hayashi K., Imai K. et al. Study on the early-onset variant of benign childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms otherwise described as early-onset benign occipital seizure susceptibility syndrome. Epilepsia 1999;40(7):1020–30.
47. Panayiotopoulos C.P. A Slinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and their Treatment. UK: Blandon Medical Publishing, 2002. 96 p.
48. Panayiotopoulos C.P. A Slinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and their Treatment. 2nd edition. Springer, 2010. 620 r.
49. Panayiotopoulos C.P. Autonomic seizures and autonomic status epilepticus peculiar to childhood: diagnosis and management. Epilepsy Behav 2004;5(3):286–95.
50. Panayiotopoulos C.P. Benign nocturnal childhood occipital epilepsy: a new syndrome with nocturnal seizures, tonic deviation of the eyes, and vomiting. J Child Neurol 1989;4(1):43–9.
51. Panayiotopoulos C.P., Agathonikou A., Koutroumanidis M. et al. Eyelid myoclonia with absences: the symptoms. In: Eyelid myoclonia with absences. J.S. Duncan, C.P. Panayiotopoulos (eds.). London: John Libbey and Company Ltd, 1996. Rr. 17–26.
52. Parisi P., Ferri R., Pagani J. et al. Ictal video-polysomnography and EEG spectral analysis in a child with severe Panayiotopoulos syndrome. Epileptic Disord 2005;7(4):333–9.
53. Penfield W., Jasper K. Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain. Boston: Little, Brown, 1954.
54. Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1981;22(4):489–501.
55. Riqueta A., Auvina S., Cuisseta J.M. et al. Epilepsia partialis continua and defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Epilepsy Res 2008;78(1):1–6.
56. Tassinari C.A., Bureau M., Thomas P. Epilepsy with myoclonic absences. In: Epileptic syndromes in infancy, childhood and adolescence. J. Roger, M. Bureau, C. Dravet, F.E. Dreifuss, A. Perret, P. Wolf (eds.). London: John Libbey, 1992. Rr. 151–60.
57. Tassinari C.A., Rubboli G., Parmeggiani L. et al. Epileptic negative myoclonus. Adv Neurol 1995;67:181–97.
58. Tinuper P., Lugaresi E., Vigevano F. et al. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. In: Epilepsy and movement disorders. R. Guerrini et al. (eds.). Cambridge, 2001. Rr. 97–109.
