Рецепт. 2019; : 744-751
Влияние альфа-липоевой кислоты на метаболизм глюкозы, маркеры воспаления и липидный спектр крови
Аннотация
В статье представлен обзор данных литературы по влиянию альфа-липоевой кислоты (АЛК) на метаболизм глюкозы, липидный спектр крови и маркеры воспаления, окислительный стресс. По данным исследований продемонстрированы прямые или косвенные эффекты АЛК по снижению уровня глюкозы и повышению чувствительности тканей к инсулину. Описаны эффекты АЛК по снижению всасывания жира в кишечнике, снижению биосинтеза и усилению метаболизма липидов. Применение АЛК замедляет прирост массы тела и уровня холестерина, триглицеридов и липопротеидов низкой плотности (ЛПНП) в плазме крови как при индуцированном диабете, так и без диабета. Наряду с диетой с высоким содержанием жиров применение АЛК значительно снижало уровень общего холестерина, ЛПНП, липопротеидов очень низкой плотности и триглицеридов в крови, а также приводило к значимому повышению уровня липопротеидов высокой плотности. У пациентов с избыточным весом наблюдалось снижение концентраций С-реактивного белка и фактора некроза опухоли-α после приема АЛК (800 мг/день) в течение 4 месяцев при одновременном повышении уровня адипонектина. Применение АЛК в течение 10 недель улучшало профиль факторов системного воспаления и снижало риск развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний у здоровых женщин с избыточным весом. Таким образом, применение АЛК патогенетически оправданно при ряде заболеваний и состояний, особенно у пациентов с метаболическим синдромом, поскольку АЛК способствует значительному подавлению гипергликемических и гиперлипидемических состояний, снижению уровней провоспалительных маркеров и уменьшению проявлений окислительного стресса.
Список литературы
1. Yakovenko E., Yakovenko A., Grigor’ev P. (2005) Rol’ al’fa-lipoevoy kisloty v terapii metabolicheskikh zabolevaniy pecheni [The role of alpha lipoic acid in the therapy of metabolic liver diseases]. Farmateka, no 3, pp. 25–29.
2. Zanozina O., Borovkov N., Balabolkin M. (2006) Neobkhodimost’ i dostatochnost’ ispol’zovaniya antioksidantov v terapii bol’nykh sakharnym diabetom 2-go tipa [The need and sufficiency of the use of antioxidants in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes]. Byulleten’ eksperimental’noy biologii i meditsiny, no 1, pp. 112–118.
3. Kalinchenko S., Vorslov L., Kurnikova I., Gadzieva I. (2012) Sovremennyy vzglyad na vozmozhnosti primeneniya al’fa-lipoevoy kisloty [Modern view on application possibilities of alpha lipoic acid]. Urologiya, no 1, pp. 2–8.
4. Huerta A.E., Prieto-Hontoria P.L., Sainz N., Martinez J.A., Moreno-Aliaga M.J. (2016) Supplementation with alpha-lipoic acid alone or in combination with eicosapentaenoic acid modulates the inflammatory status of healthy overweight or obese women consuming an energy-restricted diet. J Nutr [Epub ahead of print], PMID: 26962183 doi: 10.3945/jn.115.224105
5. Akbari M., Ostadmohammadi V., Tabrizi R., Mobini M., Lankarani K.B., Moosazadeh M. (2018) The effects of alphalipoic acid supplementation on inflammatory markers among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab, vol. 15, pp. 39.
6. Rochette L., Ghibu S., Muresan A., Vergely C. (2015) Alpha‐lipoic acid: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential in diabetes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, vol. 93, pp. 1021–1027.
7. Cumming B.P., Stanhope K.L., Graham J.L., Evans J.L., Baskin D.G., Griffen S.C. (2010) Dietary fructose accelerates the development of diabetes in UCD-T2DM rats: amelioration by the antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid. Am J Phys Regul Integr Comp Phys, vol. 298, pp. 1343–1350.
8. Lee J.E., C-o Yi., Jeon B.T., Shin H.J., Kim S.K., Jung T.S. (2012). Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates cardiac fibrosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol, vol. 11, p. 111.
9. Shen Q.W., Zhu M.J., Tong J., Ren J., Du M. (2007) Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase is involved in AMP‐activated protein kinase activation by alpha-lipoic acid in C2C12 myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, vol. 293, pp. 1395–1403.
10. Lee W.J., Song K.H., Koh E.H., Won J.C., Kim H.S., Park H.S. (2005). Alpha-lipoic acid increases insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol. 332, pp. 885–891.
11. Park K.G., Min A.K., Koh E.H., Kim H.S., Kim M.O., Park H.S. (2008) Alpha-lipoic acid decreases hepatic lipogenesis through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent pathways. Hepatology, vol. 48, pp. 1477–1486.
12. Yaworsky K., Somwar R., Ramlal T., Tritschler H.J., Klip A. (2000) Engagement of the insulin‐sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia, vol. 43, pp. 294–303.
13. Konrad D., Somwar R., Sweeney G., Yaworsky K., Hayashi M., Ramlal T. (2001) The antihyperglycemic drug alphalipoic acid stimulates glucose uptake via both GLUT4 translocation and GLUT4 activation: potential role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in GLUT4 activation. Diabetes, vol. 50, pp. 1464–1471.
14. Faust A., Burkart V., Ulrich H., Weischer C.H., Kolb H. (1994). Effect of lipoic acid on cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes and insulitis in non‐obese diabetic mice. Int J Immunopharmacol, vol. 16, pp. 61–66.
15. Dinic S., Arambasic J., Mihailovic M., Uskokovic A., Grdovic N., Markovic J. (2013) Decreased O-GlcNAcylation of the key proteins in kinase and redox signalling pathways is a novel mechanism of the beneficial effect of alpha-lipoic acid in diabetic liver. Br J Nutr, vol. 110, pp. 401–412.
16. Castro M.C., Massa M.L., Schinella G., Gagliardino J.J., Francini F. (2013) Lipoic acid prevents liver metabolic changes induced by administration of a fructose-rich diet. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 1830, pp. 2226–2232.
17. Sergienko A., Sergienko V. (2008) a-lipoevaya kislota (al’fa-lipon) v lechenii diabeticheskoy periferiynoy neyropatii [Alpha‐lipoic acid (alpha-lipon) in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy]. Mezhdunarodnyy endokrinologicheskiy zhurnal, vol. 1 (13).
18. Bierhaus A., Chevion S., Chevion M., Hofmann M., Quehenberger P., Illmer T. (1997) Advanced glycation end product-induced activation of NF-kappaB is suppressed by alpha-lipoic acid in cultured endothelial cells. Diabetes, vol. 46, pp. 1481–1490.
19. Thirunavukkarasu V., Anitha Nandhini A.T., Anuradha C.V. (2004) Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on lipid profile in rats fed a high-fructose diet. Exp Diabesity Res, vol. 5, pp. 195–200.
20. Marangon K., Devaraj S., Tirosh O., Packer L., Jialal I. (1999) Comparison of the effect of alpha-lipoic acid and alpha-tocopherol supplementation on measures of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med, vol. 27, pp. 1114–1121.
21. Carrier B., Wen S., Zigouras S., Browne R.W., Li Z., Patel M.S. (2014) Alpha-lipoic acid reduces ldl-particle number and PCSK9 concentrations in high‐fat fed obese zucker rats. PLoS ONE 9: e90863.
22. Chen W.L., Kang C.H., Wang S.G., Lee H.M. (2012). α-Lipoic acid regulates lipid metabolism through induction of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetologia, vol. 55, pp. 1824–1835.
23. Yang R.L., Li W., Shi Y.H., Le G.W. (2008). Lipoic acid prevents high‐fat diet-induced dyslipidemia and oxidative stress: a microarray analysis. Nutrition, vol. 24, pp. 582–588.
24. Huong D.T., Ide T. (2008). Dietary lipoic acid-dependent changes in the activity and mRNA levels of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in rats. Br J Nutr, vol. 100, pp. 79–87.
25. Seo E.Y., Ha A.W., Kim W.K. (2012) Alpha‐Lipoic acid reduced weight gain and improved the lipid profile in rats fed with high fat diet. Nutr Res Pract, vol. 6, pp. 195–200.
26. Scicchitano P., Cameli M., Maiello M., Modesti P.A., Muiesan M.L., Novo S. (2014) Nutraceuticals and dyslipidaemia: beyond the common therapeutics. J Funct Foods, vol. 6, pp. 11–32.
27. Niemeijer-Kanters S.D., Banga J.D., Erkelens D.W. (2001) Lipid-lowering therapy in diabetes mellitus. Neth J Med, vol. 58, pp. 214–222.
28. De Jong A., Plat J., Mensink R.P. (2003) Metabolic effects of plant sterols and stanols (review). J Nutr Biochem, vol. 14, pp. 362–369.
29. Hanhineva K., Torronen R., Bondia-Pons I., Pekkinen J., Kolehmainen M., Mykkanen H. (2010) Impact of dietary polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism. Int J Mol Sci, vol. 11, pp. 1365–1402.
30. Zhang Y., Han P., Wu N., He B., Lu Y., Li S. (2011) Amelioration of lipid abnormalities by alpha-lipoic acid through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Obesity (Silver Spring), vol. 19, pp. 1647–53.
31. Gonchar K. (2014) Rezul’taty korrektsii pokazateley lipidnogo obmena atorvastatinom u lits s arterial’noy gipertenziey i abdominal’nym ozhireniem [Results of correction of atorvastatin lipid metabolism in patients with arterial hypertension and abdominal obesity]. Kardiologiya v Belarusi, no 1, pp. 148–155.
32. Kim E., Park D.W., Choi S.H., Kim J.J., Cho H.S. (2008) A preliminary investigation of alpha-lipoic acid treatment of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol, vol. 28, pp. 138–146.
33. Furukawa S., Fujita T., Shimabukuro M., Iwaki M., Yamada Y., Nakajima Y. (2004) Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest, vol. 114, pp. 1752–61.
34. Liu C., Feng X., Li Q., Wang Y., Hua M. (2016) Adiponectin, TNF-alpha and inflammatory cytokines and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine, vol. 86, pp. 100–9.
35. Dinh Q.N., Chrissobolis S., Diep H., Chan C.T., Ferens D., Drummond G.R. (2017) Advanced atherosclerosis is associated with inflammation, vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress, but not hypertension. Pharmacol Res, vol. 116, pp. 70–6.
36. Shoelson S.E., Lee J., Goldfine A.B. (2006) Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest, vol. 116, pp. 1793–801.
37. Gologorsky D., Thanos A., Vavvas D. (2012) Therapeutic interventions against inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Mediat Inflamm, 629452.
38. Libby P., Ridker P.M., Hansson G.K. (2009) Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to practice. J Am Coll Cardiol, vol. 54, pp. 2129–38.
39. Danesh J., Wheeler J.G., Hirschfield G.M., Eda S., Eiriksdottir G., Rumley A. (2004) C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med, vol. 350, pp. 1387–97.
40. Haffner S.M. (2006) The metabolic syndrome: inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol, vol. 97, pp. 3a–11a.
41. Cao Z., Tsang M., Zhao H., Li Y. (2003) Induction of endogenous antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes by alphalipoic acid in rat cardiac H9C2 cells: protection against oxidative injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol. 310, pp. 979–85.
42. Evans J.L., Maddux B.A., Goldfine I.D. (2005) The molecular basis for oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance. Antioxid Redox Signal, vol. 7, pp. 1040–52.
43. Carbonelli M.G., Di Renzo L., Bigioni M., Di Daniele N., De Lorenzo A., Fusco M.A. (2010) Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation: a tool for obesity therapy? Curr Pharm Des, vol. 16, pp. 840–6.
44. Sardu C., Santulli G., Santamaria M., Barbieri M., Sacra C., Paolisso P. (2017) Effects of alpha lipoic acid on multiple cytokines and biomarkers and recurrence of atrial fibrillation within 1 year of catheter ablation. Am J Cardiol, vol. 119, pp. 1382–6.
45. Huerta A.E., Navas-Carretero S., Prieto-Hontoria P.L., Martinez J.A., Moreno-Aliaga M.J. (2015) Effects of alphalipoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in overweight and obese women during weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring), vol. 23, pp. 313–321.
46. Alberti K.G., Eckel R.H., Grundy S.M., Zimmet P.Z., Cleeman J.I., Donato K.A. (2009) Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation, vol. 120, pp. 1640–1645.
47. Ada N. (2004) Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, no 27, pp. 47–54.
Recipe. 2019; : 744-751
The Effect of Alpha Lipoic Acid on Glucose Metabolism, Markers of Inflammation and Blood Lipids
Abstract
The article provides a review of the literature on the effect of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on glucose metabolism, blood lipids and markers of inflammation, oxidative stress. According to studies, the direct or indirect effects of ALA on lowering glucose levels and increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin have been demonstrated. The effects of ALA on reducing the absorption of fat in the intestine, reducing biosynthesis and enhancing lipid metabolism are described. The use of ALA slows down the increase in body weight and the level of cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoproteins (LDL) in blood plasma both with induced diabetes and without diabetes. Along with a high fat diet, the use of ALA significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL, very low density lipoproteins and triglycerides in the blood, and also led to a significant increase in high density lipoproteins. In overweight patients, there was a decrease in the concentrations of C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α after taking ALA (800 mg/day) for 4 months, while increasing adiponectin levels. The use of ALA for 10 weeks improved the profile of systemic inflammation factors and reduced the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in healthy overweight women. In this way, the use of ALA is pathogenetically justified in a number of diseases and conditions, especially in patients with metabolic syndrome, since ALA contributes to a significant suppression of hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic conditions, lower levels of pro-inflammatory markers and a decrease in the manifestations of oxidative stress.
References
1. Yakovenko E., Yakovenko A., Grigor’ev P. (2005) Rol’ al’fa-lipoevoy kisloty v terapii metabolicheskikh zabolevaniy pecheni [The role of alpha lipoic acid in the therapy of metabolic liver diseases]. Farmateka, no 3, pp. 25–29.
2. Zanozina O., Borovkov N., Balabolkin M. (2006) Neobkhodimost’ i dostatochnost’ ispol’zovaniya antioksidantov v terapii bol’nykh sakharnym diabetom 2-go tipa [The need and sufficiency of the use of antioxidants in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes]. Byulleten’ eksperimental’noy biologii i meditsiny, no 1, pp. 112–118.
3. Kalinchenko S., Vorslov L., Kurnikova I., Gadzieva I. (2012) Sovremennyy vzglyad na vozmozhnosti primeneniya al’fa-lipoevoy kisloty [Modern view on application possibilities of alpha lipoic acid]. Urologiya, no 1, pp. 2–8.
4. Huerta A.E., Prieto-Hontoria P.L., Sainz N., Martinez J.A., Moreno-Aliaga M.J. (2016) Supplementation with alpha-lipoic acid alone or in combination with eicosapentaenoic acid modulates the inflammatory status of healthy overweight or obese women consuming an energy-restricted diet. J Nutr [Epub ahead of print], PMID: 26962183 doi: 10.3945/jn.115.224105
5. Akbari M., Ostadmohammadi V., Tabrizi R., Mobini M., Lankarani K.B., Moosazadeh M. (2018) The effects of alphalipoic acid supplementation on inflammatory markers among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab, vol. 15, pp. 39.
6. Rochette L., Ghibu S., Muresan A., Vergely C. (2015) Alpha‐lipoic acid: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential in diabetes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, vol. 93, pp. 1021–1027.
7. Cumming B.P., Stanhope K.L., Graham J.L., Evans J.L., Baskin D.G., Griffen S.C. (2010) Dietary fructose accelerates the development of diabetes in UCD-T2DM rats: amelioration by the antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid. Am J Phys Regul Integr Comp Phys, vol. 298, pp. 1343–1350.
8. Lee J.E., C-o Yi., Jeon B.T., Shin H.J., Kim S.K., Jung T.S. (2012). Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates cardiac fibrosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol, vol. 11, p. 111.
9. Shen Q.W., Zhu M.J., Tong J., Ren J., Du M. (2007) Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase is involved in AMP‐activated protein kinase activation by alpha-lipoic acid in C2C12 myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, vol. 293, pp. 1395–1403.
10. Lee W.J., Song K.H., Koh E.H., Won J.C., Kim H.S., Park H.S. (2005). Alpha-lipoic acid increases insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol. 332, pp. 885–891.
11. Park K.G., Min A.K., Koh E.H., Kim H.S., Kim M.O., Park H.S. (2008) Alpha-lipoic acid decreases hepatic lipogenesis through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent pathways. Hepatology, vol. 48, pp. 1477–1486.
12. Yaworsky K., Somwar R., Ramlal T., Tritschler H.J., Klip A. (2000) Engagement of the insulin‐sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia, vol. 43, pp. 294–303.
13. Konrad D., Somwar R., Sweeney G., Yaworsky K., Hayashi M., Ramlal T. (2001) The antihyperglycemic drug alphalipoic acid stimulates glucose uptake via both GLUT4 translocation and GLUT4 activation: potential role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in GLUT4 activation. Diabetes, vol. 50, pp. 1464–1471.
14. Faust A., Burkart V., Ulrich H., Weischer C.H., Kolb H. (1994). Effect of lipoic acid on cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes and insulitis in non‐obese diabetic mice. Int J Immunopharmacol, vol. 16, pp. 61–66.
15. Dinic S., Arambasic J., Mihailovic M., Uskokovic A., Grdovic N., Markovic J. (2013) Decreased O-GlcNAcylation of the key proteins in kinase and redox signalling pathways is a novel mechanism of the beneficial effect of alpha-lipoic acid in diabetic liver. Br J Nutr, vol. 110, pp. 401–412.
16. Castro M.C., Massa M.L., Schinella G., Gagliardino J.J., Francini F. (2013) Lipoic acid prevents liver metabolic changes induced by administration of a fructose-rich diet. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 1830, pp. 2226–2232.
17. Sergienko A., Sergienko V. (2008) a-lipoevaya kislota (al’fa-lipon) v lechenii diabeticheskoy periferiynoy neyropatii [Alpha‐lipoic acid (alpha-lipon) in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy]. Mezhdunarodnyy endokrinologicheskiy zhurnal, vol. 1 (13).
18. Bierhaus A., Chevion S., Chevion M., Hofmann M., Quehenberger P., Illmer T. (1997) Advanced glycation end product-induced activation of NF-kappaB is suppressed by alpha-lipoic acid in cultured endothelial cells. Diabetes, vol. 46, pp. 1481–1490.
19. Thirunavukkarasu V., Anitha Nandhini A.T., Anuradha C.V. (2004) Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on lipid profile in rats fed a high-fructose diet. Exp Diabesity Res, vol. 5, pp. 195–200.
20. Marangon K., Devaraj S., Tirosh O., Packer L., Jialal I. (1999) Comparison of the effect of alpha-lipoic acid and alpha-tocopherol supplementation on measures of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med, vol. 27, pp. 1114–1121.
21. Carrier B., Wen S., Zigouras S., Browne R.W., Li Z., Patel M.S. (2014) Alpha-lipoic acid reduces ldl-particle number and PCSK9 concentrations in high‐fat fed obese zucker rats. PLoS ONE 9: e90863.
22. Chen W.L., Kang C.H., Wang S.G., Lee H.M. (2012). α-Lipoic acid regulates lipid metabolism through induction of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetologia, vol. 55, pp. 1824–1835.
23. Yang R.L., Li W., Shi Y.H., Le G.W. (2008). Lipoic acid prevents high‐fat diet-induced dyslipidemia and oxidative stress: a microarray analysis. Nutrition, vol. 24, pp. 582–588.
24. Huong D.T., Ide T. (2008). Dietary lipoic acid-dependent changes in the activity and mRNA levels of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in rats. Br J Nutr, vol. 100, pp. 79–87.
25. Seo E.Y., Ha A.W., Kim W.K. (2012) Alpha‐Lipoic acid reduced weight gain and improved the lipid profile in rats fed with high fat diet. Nutr Res Pract, vol. 6, pp. 195–200.
26. Scicchitano P., Cameli M., Maiello M., Modesti P.A., Muiesan M.L., Novo S. (2014) Nutraceuticals and dyslipidaemia: beyond the common therapeutics. J Funct Foods, vol. 6, pp. 11–32.
27. Niemeijer-Kanters S.D., Banga J.D., Erkelens D.W. (2001) Lipid-lowering therapy in diabetes mellitus. Neth J Med, vol. 58, pp. 214–222.
28. De Jong A., Plat J., Mensink R.P. (2003) Metabolic effects of plant sterols and stanols (review). J Nutr Biochem, vol. 14, pp. 362–369.
29. Hanhineva K., Torronen R., Bondia-Pons I., Pekkinen J., Kolehmainen M., Mykkanen H. (2010) Impact of dietary polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism. Int J Mol Sci, vol. 11, pp. 1365–1402.
30. Zhang Y., Han P., Wu N., He B., Lu Y., Li S. (2011) Amelioration of lipid abnormalities by alpha-lipoic acid through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Obesity (Silver Spring), vol. 19, pp. 1647–53.
31. Gonchar K. (2014) Rezul’taty korrektsii pokazateley lipidnogo obmena atorvastatinom u lits s arterial’noy gipertenziey i abdominal’nym ozhireniem [Results of correction of atorvastatin lipid metabolism in patients with arterial hypertension and abdominal obesity]. Kardiologiya v Belarusi, no 1, pp. 148–155.
32. Kim E., Park D.W., Choi S.H., Kim J.J., Cho H.S. (2008) A preliminary investigation of alpha-lipoic acid treatment of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol, vol. 28, pp. 138–146.
33. Furukawa S., Fujita T., Shimabukuro M., Iwaki M., Yamada Y., Nakajima Y. (2004) Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest, vol. 114, pp. 1752–61.
34. Liu C., Feng X., Li Q., Wang Y., Hua M. (2016) Adiponectin, TNF-alpha and inflammatory cytokines and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine, vol. 86, pp. 100–9.
35. Dinh Q.N., Chrissobolis S., Diep H., Chan C.T., Ferens D., Drummond G.R. (2017) Advanced atherosclerosis is associated with inflammation, vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress, but not hypertension. Pharmacol Res, vol. 116, pp. 70–6.
36. Shoelson S.E., Lee J., Goldfine A.B. (2006) Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest, vol. 116, pp. 1793–801.
37. Gologorsky D., Thanos A., Vavvas D. (2012) Therapeutic interventions against inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Mediat Inflamm, 629452.
38. Libby P., Ridker P.M., Hansson G.K. (2009) Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to practice. J Am Coll Cardiol, vol. 54, pp. 2129–38.
39. Danesh J., Wheeler J.G., Hirschfield G.M., Eda S., Eiriksdottir G., Rumley A. (2004) C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med, vol. 350, pp. 1387–97.
40. Haffner S.M. (2006) The metabolic syndrome: inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol, vol. 97, pp. 3a–11a.
41. Cao Z., Tsang M., Zhao H., Li Y. (2003) Induction of endogenous antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes by alphalipoic acid in rat cardiac H9C2 cells: protection against oxidative injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol. 310, pp. 979–85.
42. Evans J.L., Maddux B.A., Goldfine I.D. (2005) The molecular basis for oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance. Antioxid Redox Signal, vol. 7, pp. 1040–52.
43. Carbonelli M.G., Di Renzo L., Bigioni M., Di Daniele N., De Lorenzo A., Fusco M.A. (2010) Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation: a tool for obesity therapy? Curr Pharm Des, vol. 16, pp. 840–6.
44. Sardu C., Santulli G., Santamaria M., Barbieri M., Sacra C., Paolisso P. (2017) Effects of alpha lipoic acid on multiple cytokines and biomarkers and recurrence of atrial fibrillation within 1 year of catheter ablation. Am J Cardiol, vol. 119, pp. 1382–6.
45. Huerta A.E., Navas-Carretero S., Prieto-Hontoria P.L., Martinez J.A., Moreno-Aliaga M.J. (2015) Effects of alphalipoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in overweight and obese women during weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring), vol. 23, pp. 313–321.
46. Alberti K.G., Eckel R.H., Grundy S.M., Zimmet P.Z., Cleeman J.I., Donato K.A. (2009) Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation, vol. 120, pp. 1640–1645.
47. Ada N. (2004) Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, no 27, pp. 47–54.
