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Детская хирургия. Журнал им. Ю.Ф. Исакова. 2020; 24: 62-70

АППЕНДИКУЛЯРНЫЙ ПЕРИТОНИТ У ДЕТЕЙ: ЭФФЕКТИВНАЯ ХИРУРГИЧЕСКАЯ ТАКТИКА И ИНТЕНСИВНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ

Карасева О. В., Уткина К. Е., Горелик А. Л., Тимофеева А. В., Голиков Д. Е., Иванова Т. Ф., Рошаль Л. М.

https://doi.org/10.18821/1560-9510-2020-24-2-62-70

Аннотация

Введение. На современном этапе не существует единого подхода к лечению осложненных форм острого аппендицита у детей. Цель нашего исследования - оценка эффективности локального Протокола диагностики и лечения аппендикулярного перитонита (АП) у детей. Материал и методы. В исследование вошли 149 детей с АП в возрасте от 2 до 17 лет (11 ± 3,5 года), пролеченных в НИИ НДХиТ за период 2015-2018 гг. В гендерной структуре мальчики (104; 69,8%) преобладали над девочками (45; 30,2%). Оценивали структуру АП по формам, хирургическую тактику и течение послеоперационного периода (частоту послеоперационного синдрома кишечной недостаточности (СКН), послеоперационных осложнений, к/д). Методику хирургического лечения и объем интенсивной терапии в послеоперационном периоде определяли в соответствии с тяжестью формы АП согласно локальному Протоколу. Лапароскопическая аппендэктомия была выполнена 145 (97,3%) пациентам. Интраоперационных осложнений и конверсий в исследуемой группе не было. При ПА3 4 (2,7%;) пациентам выполняли пункцию и дренирование абсцесса под контролем УЗИ. Результаты. При анализе структуры АП по формам, свободные и абсцедирующие формы распределились примерноодинаково - 72 (48,3%) и 77 (51,7%) пациентов соответственно (p > 0,05). Диффузный перитонит - 31,5% случаев, разлитой - 16,8%, сочетанный -17,4%, периаппендикулярный абсцесс (ПА) I стадии - 14,8%; ПА2 - 16,8%; ПА3 - 2,7% случаев. Послеоперационные осложнения - 4(2,7%): послеоперационные абсцессы брюшной полости (АБП) - 3 (2,0%);РСКН - 1 (0,7%). При послеоперационных абсцессах выполняли пункцию и дренирование под контролем УЗИ, при РСКН - лапароскопический адгезиолизис. Все дети выздоровели. Длительность интенсивной терапии составила 2,9 ± 1,8 сут, длительность госпитализации - 12,0 ± 5,2 сут. Заключение. Разработанный нами локальный Протокол определяет хирургическую тактику и объем интенсивной терапии в послеоперационном периоде. Лапароскопическая операция в подавляющем большинстве наблюдений является оптимальным и эффективным методом хирургического лечения АП у детей. Противопоказанием к выполнению лапароскопической операции являются ПА3 и тотальный абсцедирующий перитонит.
Список литературы

1. Addiss D.G., Shaffer N., Fowler B.S., Tauxe R.V. The epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomy in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 1990 Nov; 132(5): 910-25.

2. Aarabi S., Sidhwa F., Riehle K.J., Chen Q., Mooney D.P. Pediatric appendicitis in New England: epidemiology and outcomes. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(6): 1106-14.

3. Карасева О.В., Рошаль Л.М., Брянцев А.В., Капустин В.А., Чернышева Т.А., Иванова Т.Ф. Лечение аппендикулярного перитонита у детей. Детская хирургия. 2007; 3: 23-7.

4. Дронов А.Ф., Котлобовский В.И., Поддубный И.В. Лапароскопическая аппендэктомия. Эндоскопическая хирургия. 2000; 1: 16-10.

5. Коровин С.А., Соколов Ю.Ю. Лапароскопия при лечении детей острым аппендицитом и перитонитом. РМЖ. 2011; 22: 1396.

6. Almaramhy H.H. Acute appendicitis in young children less than 5 years: review article. Ital J Pediatr. 2017; 43:15. Published online 2017 Jan 26. doi: 10.1186/s13052-017-0335-2

7. Livingston E.H., Woodward W.A., Sarosi G.A., Haley R.W. Disconnect between incidence of nonperforated and perforated appendicitis: implications for pathophysiology and management. Ann Surg. 2007; 245: 886-892. DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000256391.05233.aa

8. Randen A., Laméris W., Es H.W., Heesewijk H.P., Ramshorst B., Ten Hove W., Bouma W.H., Leeuwen M.S., Keulen E.M., Bossuyt P.M., Stoker J., Boermeester M.A.; OPTIMA Study Group: A comparison of the accuracy of ultrasound and computed tomography in common diagnoses causing acute abdominal pain. Eur Radiol. 2011; 21: 1535-1545

9. Schuler J.G., Shortsleeve M.J., Goldenson R.S., Perez-Rossello J.M., Perlmutter R.A., Thorsen A. Is there a role for abdominal computed tomographic scans in appendicitis? Arch Surg. 1998; 133: 373-377.

10. Moberg A.C., Ahlberg G., Leijonmarck C., Montgomery A., Reiertsen O., Rosseland A.R., Stoerksson R. Diagnostic laparoscopy in 1,043 patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Eur J Surg. 1998; 164: 833-840.

11. Elisabeth M.L. de Wijkerslooth, Anne Loes van den Boom, Bas P.L. WijnhovenVariation in Classification and Postoperative Management of Complex Appendicitis: A European Survey. World J Surg. 2019; 43(2): 439-446. Published online. 2018; Sep 25. doi: 10.1007/s00268-018-4806-4

12. Biondi A., Di Stefano C., Ferrara F., Bellia A., Vacante M., Piazza L. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: a retrospective cohort study assessing outcomes and cost-effectiveness. World J Emerg Surg. 2016 Aug 30; 11(1): 44. doi: 10.1186/s13017-016-0102-5, 2016.

13. Dai L., Shuai J. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy in adults and children: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. United European Gastroenterol J. 2016; 5(4): 542-553. doi: 10.1177/2050640616661931

14. Wang X., Zhang W., Yang X., Shao J., Zhou X., Yuan J. Complicated appendicitis in children: is laparoscopic appendectomy appropriate? A comparative study with the open appendectomy-our experience. J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Oct; 44(10): 1924-7.

15. Guanà R., Lonati L., Garofalo S. et al. Laparoscopic versus Open Surgery in Complicated Appendicitis in Children Less Than 5 Years Old: A Six-Year Single-Centre Experience. Surg Res Pract. 2016; 2016: 4120214. doi: 10.1155/2016/4120214

16. Domene C.E., Volpe P., Heitor F.A. Three port laparoscopic appendectomy technique with low cost and aesthetic advantage. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2014; 27 Suppl 1: 73-76. doi: 10.1590/S0102-6720201400S100018

17. Said M., Ledochowski M., Dietze O., Simader H. Colonoscopic diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis. Eur J GastroenterolHepatol. 1995; 7(6): 569-571.

18. Liu B.R., Song J.T., Han F.Y., Li H. et al. Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy: a pilot minimally invasive technique (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2012; 76: 243-247.9.

19. Liu B.R., Ma X., Feng J., et al. Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy (ERAT): a multicenter retrospective study in China. Surg Endosc. 2015; 29: 905-909

20. BouHaidar D.S., Bawany M.Z., Schubert M.L. ERAT: A New ERA for Appendicitis Therapy? Dig Dis Sci, 61(11): 3099-3101, 01 Nov 2016

21. Bulian D.R., Kaehler G., Magdeburg R., Butters M., Burghardt J., Albrecht R. et al. Analysis of the First 217 Appendectomies of the German NOTES Registry. Ann Surg. 2017 Mar; 265(3): 534-538. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001742.

22. Hybrid transgastric appendectomy is feasible but does not offer advantages compared with laparoscopic appendectomy: Results from the transgastric appendectomy study. Surgery. 2017 Aug;162(2): 295-302. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.02.013. Epub 2017 Apr

23. Simillis C., Symeonides P., Shorthouse A.J., Tekkis P.P. A meta-analysis comparing conservative treatment versus acute appendectomy for complicated appendicitis (abscess or phlegmon). Surgery. 2010; 147: 818-829.

24. Talan D.A., Moran G.J., Saltzman D.J. Nonoperative management of appendicitis: avoiding hospitalization and surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2017; 224: 994.

25. Steiner Z., Buklan G., Gutermacher M., Litmanovitz I., Landa T., Arnon S. Conservative antibiotic treatment for acute uncomplicated appendicitis is feasible. Pediatr Surg Int. 2018; 34: 283-288.

26. Shindoh J., Niwa H., Kawai K., Ohata K., Ishihara Y., Takabayashi N. et al. Predictive factors for negative outcomes in initial non-operative management of suspected appendicitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010 Feb; 14: 309-314.

27. Loftus T.J., Brakenridge S.C., Croft C.A., Stephen Smith R., Efron P.A., Moore F.A. et al. Successful nonoperative management of uncomplicated appendicitis: predictors and outcomes. J Surg Res. 2018; 222: 212-218.

28. Карасева О.В. Абсцедирующие формы аппендикулярного перитонита у детей. Докт. дисс, Москва, 2006

Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2020; 24: 62-70

APPENDICULAR PERITONITIS IN CHILDREN: AN EFFICIENT SURGICAL APPROACH AND INTENSIVE CARE

Karaseva O. V., Utkina K. E., Gorelik A. L., Timofeeva A. V., Golikov D. E., Ivanova T. F., Roshal L. M.

https://doi.org/10.18821/1560-9510-2020-24-2-62-70

Abstract

Introduction. Currently, there is no any unified approach to the treatment of complicated forms of acute appendicitis in children. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the local Protocol for diagnostics and treatment of appendicular peritonitis (AP) in children. Material and methods. 149 children with AP, aged 2 - 17 (11 ± 3.5 ), were included into the study. All of them were treated at the Clinical and Research Institute Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma (CRIEPST) in 2015-2018. In the gender structure, boys (104; 69.8%) prevailed over girls (45; 30.2%). The following parameters were evaluated: AP structure, surgical tactics, postoperative course (incidence of postoperative intestinal failure syndrome (IFS), postoperative complications, length of hospital stay). A tactics for surgical treatment and volume of intensive care in the postoperative period were defined depending on AP severity and according to the local Protocol. Laparoscopic appendectomy was performed in 145 (97.3%) patients. There were no intraoperative complications and conversions in the studied group. In case of periappendiular abscess (PA) 3 (2.7%), patients had puncture and abscess drainage under ultrasound control. Results. While analyzing the AP structure by forms , the following picture was shown: free and abscessed forms were approximately equal - 72 (48.3%) and 77 (51.7%), respectively (p > 0.05). Diffuse peritonitis - 31.5%; generalized - 16.8%; combined - 17.4%; periappendicular abscess (PA) stage 1-14.8%; PA 2-16.8%; PA 3-2.7%. Postoperative complications - 4 (2.7%): postoperative abdominal abscesses - 3 (2.0%); early adhesive intestinal obstruction - 1 (0.7%). In postoperative abscesses, puncture and drainage were performed under ultrasound control; in early adhesive intestinal obstruction - laparoscopic adhesiolysis. All the children recovered. Length of intensive care was 2.9 ± 1.8 days; hospitalization - 12.0 ± 5.2 days. Conclusion. The local Protocol developed by the researchers helps to define a surgical tactics and volume of intensive care in the postoperative period. Laparoscopic surgery, in the vast majority of cases, is an optimal and effective technique for AP surgical treatment in children. Contraindications to laparoscopic surgery are PA 3 and total abscessing peritonitis.
References

1. Addiss D.G., Shaffer N., Fowler B.S., Tauxe R.V. The epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomy in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 1990 Nov; 132(5): 910-25.

2. Aarabi S., Sidhwa F., Riehle K.J., Chen Q., Mooney D.P. Pediatric appendicitis in New England: epidemiology and outcomes. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(6): 1106-14.

3. Karaseva O.V., Roshal' L.M., Bryantsev A.V., Kapustin V.A., Chernysheva T.A., Ivanova T.F. Lechenie appendikulyarnogo peritonita u detei. Detskaya khirurgiya. 2007; 3: 23-7.

4. Dronov A.F., Kotlobovskii V.I., Poddubnyi I.V. Laparoskopicheskaya appendektomiya. Endoskopicheskaya khirurgiya. 2000; 1: 16-10.

5. Korovin S.A., Sokolov Yu.Yu. Laparoskopiya pri lechenii detei ostrym appenditsitom i peritonitom. RMZh. 2011; 22: 1396.

6. Almaramhy H.H. Acute appendicitis in young children less than 5 years: review article. Ital J Pediatr. 2017; 43:15. Published online 2017 Jan 26. doi: 10.1186/s13052-017-0335-2

7. Livingston E.H., Woodward W.A., Sarosi G.A., Haley R.W. Disconnect between incidence of nonperforated and perforated appendicitis: implications for pathophysiology and management. Ann Surg. 2007; 245: 886-892. DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000256391.05233.aa

8. Randen A., Laméris W., Es H.W., Heesewijk H.P., Ramshorst B., Ten Hove W., Bouma W.H., Leeuwen M.S., Keulen E.M., Bossuyt P.M., Stoker J., Boermeester M.A.; OPTIMA Study Group: A comparison of the accuracy of ultrasound and computed tomography in common diagnoses causing acute abdominal pain. Eur Radiol. 2011; 21: 1535-1545

9. Schuler J.G., Shortsleeve M.J., Goldenson R.S., Perez-Rossello J.M., Perlmutter R.A., Thorsen A. Is there a role for abdominal computed tomographic scans in appendicitis? Arch Surg. 1998; 133: 373-377.

10. Moberg A.C., Ahlberg G., Leijonmarck C., Montgomery A., Reiertsen O., Rosseland A.R., Stoerksson R. Diagnostic laparoscopy in 1,043 patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Eur J Surg. 1998; 164: 833-840.

11. Elisabeth M.L. de Wijkerslooth, Anne Loes van den Boom, Bas P.L. WijnhovenVariation in Classification and Postoperative Management of Complex Appendicitis: A European Survey. World J Surg. 2019; 43(2): 439-446. Published online. 2018; Sep 25. doi: 10.1007/s00268-018-4806-4

12. Biondi A., Di Stefano C., Ferrara F., Bellia A., Vacante M., Piazza L. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: a retrospective cohort study assessing outcomes and cost-effectiveness. World J Emerg Surg. 2016 Aug 30; 11(1): 44. doi: 10.1186/s13017-016-0102-5, 2016.

13. Dai L., Shuai J. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy in adults and children: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. United European Gastroenterol J. 2016; 5(4): 542-553. doi: 10.1177/2050640616661931

14. Wang X., Zhang W., Yang X., Shao J., Zhou X., Yuan J. Complicated appendicitis in children: is laparoscopic appendectomy appropriate? A comparative study with the open appendectomy-our experience. J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Oct; 44(10): 1924-7.

15. Guanà R., Lonati L., Garofalo S. et al. Laparoscopic versus Open Surgery in Complicated Appendicitis in Children Less Than 5 Years Old: A Six-Year Single-Centre Experience. Surg Res Pract. 2016; 2016: 4120214. doi: 10.1155/2016/4120214

16. Domene C.E., Volpe P., Heitor F.A. Three port laparoscopic appendectomy technique with low cost and aesthetic advantage. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2014; 27 Suppl 1: 73-76. doi: 10.1590/S0102-6720201400S100018

17. Said M., Ledochowski M., Dietze O., Simader H. Colonoscopic diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis. Eur J GastroenterolHepatol. 1995; 7(6): 569-571.

18. Liu B.R., Song J.T., Han F.Y., Li H. et al. Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy: a pilot minimally invasive technique (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2012; 76: 243-247.9.

19. Liu B.R., Ma X., Feng J., et al. Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy (ERAT): a multicenter retrospective study in China. Surg Endosc. 2015; 29: 905-909

20. BouHaidar D.S., Bawany M.Z., Schubert M.L. ERAT: A New ERA for Appendicitis Therapy? Dig Dis Sci, 61(11): 3099-3101, 01 Nov 2016

21. Bulian D.R., Kaehler G., Magdeburg R., Butters M., Burghardt J., Albrecht R. et al. Analysis of the First 217 Appendectomies of the German NOTES Registry. Ann Surg. 2017 Mar; 265(3): 534-538. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001742.

22. Hybrid transgastric appendectomy is feasible but does not offer advantages compared with laparoscopic appendectomy: Results from the transgastric appendectomy study. Surgery. 2017 Aug;162(2): 295-302. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.02.013. Epub 2017 Apr

23. Simillis C., Symeonides P., Shorthouse A.J., Tekkis P.P. A meta-analysis comparing conservative treatment versus acute appendectomy for complicated appendicitis (abscess or phlegmon). Surgery. 2010; 147: 818-829.

24. Talan D.A., Moran G.J., Saltzman D.J. Nonoperative management of appendicitis: avoiding hospitalization and surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2017; 224: 994.

25. Steiner Z., Buklan G., Gutermacher M., Litmanovitz I., Landa T., Arnon S. Conservative antibiotic treatment for acute uncomplicated appendicitis is feasible. Pediatr Surg Int. 2018; 34: 283-288.

26. Shindoh J., Niwa H., Kawai K., Ohata K., Ishihara Y., Takabayashi N. et al. Predictive factors for negative outcomes in initial non-operative management of suspected appendicitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010 Feb; 14: 309-314.

27. Loftus T.J., Brakenridge S.C., Croft C.A., Stephen Smith R., Efron P.A., Moore F.A. et al. Successful nonoperative management of uncomplicated appendicitis: predictors and outcomes. J Surg Res. 2018; 222: 212-218.

28. Karaseva O.V. Abstsediruyushchie formy appendikulyarnogo peritonita u detei. Dokt. diss, Moskva, 2006