Ориенталистика. 2021; 4: 1199-1218
Пинкасы – записные книжки и пинкасы – книги записей: эволюция и структурно-композиционное оформление
https://doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-5-1199-1218Аннотация
Книги записей (пинкас) являются одними из самых ценных источников для изучения истории еврейских общинных институтов вплоть до XX в. и содержат разнообразные сведения об их повседневном функционировании. В научных контекстах с помощью слова «пинкас» обозначают не только общинные книги записей и книги записей внутриобщинных объединений, но и личные книги записей. Статья исследует эволюцию этой категории источников, развитие которой прослеживается от личных книг записей, датируемых по меньшей мере XI в., до общинных пинкасов и книг записей внутриобщинных объединений на примере двенадцати рукописей преимущественно европейского происхождения, дополненных несколькими восточными документами. Процесс развития подобных документов рассматривается путем анализа внутренней структуры и композиции рукописей. Особое внимание уделяется методам, использовавшимся для выражения этой структуры на кодикологическом и палеографическом уровнях. Собранные сведения позволяют предположить, что в начале Нового времени в ответ на запрос быстро развивающихся общинных институтов некоторые из книг записей были перемещены из приватной в публичную сферу. Поскольку общинные пинкасы должны были отвечать потребностям расширившейся аудитории различного происхождения, их структура стала более единообразной по сравнению с личными книгами записей; также начали использоваться приемы навигации (например, записи на полях). Итальянские общинные книги записей раннего Нового времени представляются самыми структурированными.
Список литературы
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5. Bartal I. The Pinkas: From Communal Archive to Total History. In: Aleksiun N., Horowitz B., Polonsky A. (eds) Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry. Vol. 29: Writing Jewish History in Eastern Europe. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press; 2017. P. 21–40.
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Orientalistica. 2021; 4: 1199-1218
Pinkas-notebook and pinkas-register book: evolution, structure, and composition
https://doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-5-1199-1218Abstract
Minute books (pinkas) constitute one of the most valuable sources for studying the history of the Jewish communal institutions up to the 20th century. They comprise rich and diverse data on the everyday activities of the Jewish people. In the academic language, the word “pinkas” is applied not only to the communal minute books and minute books of the communal bodies but also to private minute books. The article deals with the development of this category of sources which evolved from private minute books dating back to at least the 11th century to the communal ones as well as the minute books of the communal bodies based on the dozen manuscript examples. These are mostly of European origin, however, with a few Eastern additions. This evolution process becomes visible as a result of the analysis of the manuscripts’ internal structure and composition. Special attention is paid to the techniques used to enforce this structure on codicological and paleographic levels. The data at hand suggest that at the beginning of the Modern period some of the minute books were shifted from private to the public domain. This was a response to the demand from the rapidly evolving communal institutions. To suit the widened audience of varying backgrounds the communal minute books compared to those for private use adopted a more uniform structure as well as with a set of “navigation” or referencing tools, such as captions written on margins. The early modern Italian communal minute books tend to be the most structured ones.
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9. Litt S. Pinkas, Kahal, and the Mediene: The Records of Dutch Ashkenazi Communities in the Eighteenth Century as Historical Sources. Leiden: Brill; 2008. VIII+233 p.
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