Ориенталистика. 2020; 3: 783-798
Древнеегипетско-арабские контакты в лексике: ключ к прародине арабов?
https://doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-3-783-798Аннотация
Цель настоящей статьи - продемонстрировать возможности сравнительно-исторического метода в лингвистике в реконструкции дописьменной этнокультурной истории. В статье дается анализ 46 древнеегипетско-арабских лексических схождений, большинство из которых не засвидетельствовано в других семитских и афразийских языках, собранных венгерским лингвистом Г. Такачем и его предшественниками. Автор первым обратил внимание на тот факт, что некоторые из этих схождений - по семантическим или фонетическим причинам - трудно объяснить случайно уцелевшими только в этих двух языках родственными словами или случайными совпадениями. Он предложил видеть в них прямые заимствования, так как никаких языков-посредников между египетским и арабским не обнаруживается. Результатом такого подхода могут оказаться следы не выявленных до сих пор контактов между носителями египетского начиная с Древнего и вплоть до Нового Царства и протоарабского языков. По глоттохронологическим подсчетам автора, протоарабский выделился из працен-тральносемитского в начале III тыс. до н. э. Другой неожиданностью является то, что направление этих предполагаемых заимствований - не только из египетского в арабский, но и - в небольшом количестве весьма вероятных случаев - и из арабского в египетский всех упомянутых периодов. Признание хотя бы наиболее показательных из этих примеров подразумевает прародину носителей протоарабского языка в непосредственной близости от Египта. Автор склонен отождествлять протоарабов с мидианитами, фигурирующими и в древнееврейских, и в арабских источниках, но, поскольку его компетенция не выходит за рамки сравнительной афразистики и семитской этимологии, он оставляет эту сторону вопроса археологам и историкам для дальнейшего рассмотрения.
Список литературы
1. Militarev A. Ju., Stolbova O.V. Etymological Database of Afrasian languages (AADB). Available at: http://starling.rinet.ru.
2. Militarev A. Akkadian-Egyptian matches in lexicon. In: Miller C. L. (ed.). Papers on Semitic and Afroasiatic Linguistics in Honor of Gene B. Gragg. Chicago: The Oriental Institute; 2006, pp. 139-145. Available at: https://starling.rinet.ru.
3. Militarev A. Yu. Some implications of etymology and lexical reconstruction for the history and pre-history of the Near Eastern / North African / Mediterranean areal. Vestnik yazykovogo rodstva = Journal of Language Relationship. 2019;(3):246-262. (In Russ.) Available at: https://jolr.ru/files/(272)jlr2019-17-3-4(246-262).pdf.
4. Takacs G. Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. Leiden: Brill; 1999. Vol. 1.
5. Takacs G. Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. Leiden: Brill; 2001. Vol. 2.
6. Takacs G. Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. Leiden: Brill; 2008. Vol. 3.
7. Takacs G. Studies in Afro-Asiatic Comparative Phonology: Consonants. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag; 2011.
8. Militarev A. Ju. A. G. Takacs. Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. III. In: Eastern, Old Testament, and Semitic studies; Orientalia et Classica, Papers of the Institute of Oriental and Classical Studies. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns; 2012, pp. 593-610.
9. Hoch J. E. Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1996. Available at: https://archive.org/details/jamese.hochsemiticwordsinegyptiantextsofzlib.orgse-miticwordsinegyptiantextsofthe/mode/2up
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11. Starostin S. Comparative-historical linguistics and lexicostatistics. In: Renfrew C., McMahon A., Trask L. (eds). Time Depth in Historica/ Linguistics. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; 2000, pp. 233-259.
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13. Zondervan NIV Study Bib/e. Grand Rapids: Zondervan; 2002.
14. Shahid I. Byzantium and the Arabs in the 5th century. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks; 1989.
15. Dever W. G. Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; 2003.
16. Haupt P. Midian und Sinai. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen/andischen Gese//schaft. 1909;63:506-530. Available at: http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/63945
17. Dumbrell W. J. Midian: A Land or a League? Vetus Testamentum. 1975;25(2):323-337.
18. Mendenhall G. The Incident at Beth Baal Peor. In: Mendenhall G. The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition. Baltimore: John Hopkins; 1973, pp. 105-121.
19. Homan M. M. To Your Tents, O Israel! The Terminology, Function, Form, and Symbolism of the Tents in the Bible and the Ancient Near East. Brill; 2002.
20. Rothenberg B. Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines. London: Thames and Hudson; 1972.
21. Erman A., Grapow H. Worterbuch der agyptischen Sprache. VI Bds. Berlin: Akademie; 1937-1971.
22. Gragg G. B. Oromo Dictionary. East Lansing: Michigan State University; 1982.
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24. Biberstein-Kazimirski A. de. Dictionnaire arabe-franpais. Paris: Maissonneuve & Co.; 1860. Available at: https://archive.org/details/dictionnaireara01goog/page/n10/mode/2up
25. Militarev A. Root extension and root formation in Semitic and Afrasian. Aula Orientalis. 23/1-2. Barcelona; 2005;23(1-2);83-129. Available at: https://archive.org/details/MilitarevRootExtensionAndRootFormationInSemiticAndAfrasian/mode/2up
26. Cohen D., de Bron F., Lonnet A. Dictionnaire des racines semitique. Paris: Mouton; Paris: Louvain; 1970-2012.
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29. Olmo Lete G., Sanmarti'n J. A. Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Leiden, Boston: Brill; 2003. Available at: https://b-ok.cc/book/2662765/ef0d4a
30. Leslau W. Comparative Dictionary of Gefez (Classical Ethiopic). Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz; 1987. Available at: https://b-ok.cc/book/872927/fe2355
31. Diakonoff I. M., Kogan L. E. Addenda et Corrigenda to “Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary” by V. Orel and O. Stolbova. A Review Article. St. Petersburg: MS; 1995.
32. Stolbova O. V. Chadic Etymological Dictionary. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; 2016.
33. Roth M. T. (ed.). The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Gluckstadt: J. J. Augustin; 1957-2010. Available at: https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/assyrian-dictionary-oriental-institute-university-chicago-cad
34. Faulkner R. O. A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian. Oxford: Griffith Institute; 1962.
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Orientalistica. 2020; 3: 783-798
Ancient Egyptian - Arabic contacts in lexicon: clue to Arabic Urheimat?
https://doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-3-783-798Abstract
The present paper aims at demonstrating possibilities of the comparative and historical method in linguistics in reconstructing ethno-cultural prehistory of ancient peoples. Methodologically, it is based upon the analysis of 46 Ancient Egyptian-Arabic lexical parallels most of which are unattested in other Semitic and Afrasian languages, collected by the Hungarian specialist in Egyptian and Aftrasian languages G. Takacs and his predecessors. The author was the first to notice that some of 46 lexical parallels for semantic or phonetic reasons can hardly be considered to be randomly surviving cognates; neither can they be descarded as lookalikes. He suggests that they are direct lexical borrowings. This suggestion implies undiscovered contacts between Egypt and proto-Arabic speakers. According to the author's glottochronological dating, proto-Arabic separated from Central Semitic in early 3rd mill. BCE. These contacts started as early as the Old Kingdom and lasted through Middle to New Kingdoms. He concludes that the striking feature in this discovery is not only presumed Egyptian loans in Arabic but a small minority of very likely Arabisms in Egyptian language of all these periods. He argues that the most “robust” cases may testify to the Urheimat of proto-Arabic speakers located within reach of Egypt. The author is also inclined to identify the people of Midianites mentioned in both Hebrew and Arabic sources as Proto-Arabic speakers. However, as his competence is limited to comparative Afrasian linguistics and Semitic etymology, he leaves this arguable question to discuss archaeologists and historians.
References
1. Militarev A. Ju., Stolbova O.V. Etymological Database of Afrasian languages (AADB). Available at: http://starling.rinet.ru.
2. Militarev A. Akkadian-Egyptian matches in lexicon. In: Miller C. L. (ed.). Papers on Semitic and Afroasiatic Linguistics in Honor of Gene B. Gragg. Chicago: The Oriental Institute; 2006, pp. 139-145. Available at: https://starling.rinet.ru.
3. Militarev A. Yu. Some implications of etymology and lexical reconstruction for the history and pre-history of the Near Eastern / North African / Mediterranean areal. Vestnik yazykovogo rodstva = Journal of Language Relationship. 2019;(3):246-262. (In Russ.) Available at: https://jolr.ru/files/(272)jlr2019-17-3-4(246-262).pdf.
4. Takacs G. Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. Leiden: Brill; 1999. Vol. 1.
5. Takacs G. Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. Leiden: Brill; 2001. Vol. 2.
6. Takacs G. Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. Leiden: Brill; 2008. Vol. 3.
7. Takacs G. Studies in Afro-Asiatic Comparative Phonology: Consonants. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag; 2011.
8. Militarev A. Ju. A. G. Takacs. Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. III. In: Eastern, Old Testament, and Semitic studies; Orientalia et Classica, Papers of the Institute of Oriental and Classical Studies. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns; 2012, pp. 593-610.
9. Hoch J. E. Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1996. Available at: https://archive.org/details/jamese.hochsemiticwordsinegyptiantextsofzlib.orgse-miticwordsinegyptiantextsofthe/mode/2up
10. Militarev A. Yu. ‘Non-mainstream' considerations by a comparative Semitist about the bib/ica/ narrative of the Israe/ites in Egypt. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326156890_Izraelity-v-Egipte
11. Starostin S. Comparative-historical linguistics and lexicostatistics. In: Renfrew C., McMahon A., Trask L. (eds). Time Depth in Historica/ Linguistics. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; 2000, pp. 233-259.
12. Starostin S. A. Comparative-historical linguistics and lexicostatistics. In: Linguistic reconstruction and prehistory of the Orient. Moscow: Nauka; 1984. Part 1, pp. 3-39. (In Russ.)
13. Zondervan NIV Study Bib/e. Grand Rapids: Zondervan; 2002.
14. Shahid I. Byzantium and the Arabs in the 5th century. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks; 1989.
15. Dever W. G. Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; 2003.
16. Haupt P. Midian und Sinai. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen/andischen Gese//schaft. 1909;63:506-530. Available at: http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/63945
17. Dumbrell W. J. Midian: A Land or a League? Vetus Testamentum. 1975;25(2):323-337.
18. Mendenhall G. The Incident at Beth Baal Peor. In: Mendenhall G. The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition. Baltimore: John Hopkins; 1973, pp. 105-121.
19. Homan M. M. To Your Tents, O Israel! The Terminology, Function, Form, and Symbolism of the Tents in the Bible and the Ancient Near East. Brill; 2002.
20. Rothenberg B. Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines. London: Thames and Hudson; 1972.
21. Erman A., Grapow H. Worterbuch der agyptischen Sprache. VI Bds. Berlin: Akademie; 1937-1971.
22. Gragg G. B. Oromo Dictionary. East Lansing: Michigan State University; 1982.
23. Lane E. W. An Arabic-English Lexicon. London & Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate; 1863-1893. Vol. 1-8.
24. Biberstein-Kazimirski A. de. Dictionnaire arabe-franpais. Paris: Maissonneuve & Co.; 1860. Available at: https://archive.org/details/dictionnaireara01goog/page/n10/mode/2up
25. Militarev A. Root extension and root formation in Semitic and Afrasian. Aula Orientalis. 23/1-2. Barcelona; 2005;23(1-2);83-129. Available at: https://archive.org/details/MilitarevRootExtensionAndRootFormationInSemiticAndAfrasian/mode/2up
26. Cohen D., de Bron F., Lonnet A. Dictionnaire des racines semitique. Paris: Mouton; Paris: Louvain; 1970-2012.
27. Brockelmann C. Lexicon Syriacum. Halle: Max Niemeyer; 1928.
28. Vycichl W. Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Peeters; 1983.
29. Olmo Lete G., Sanmarti'n J. A. Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Leiden, Boston: Brill; 2003. Available at: https://b-ok.cc/book/2662765/ef0d4a
30. Leslau W. Comparative Dictionary of Gefez (Classical Ethiopic). Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz; 1987. Available at: https://b-ok.cc/book/872927/fe2355
31. Diakonoff I. M., Kogan L. E. Addenda et Corrigenda to “Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary” by V. Orel and O. Stolbova. A Review Article. St. Petersburg: MS; 1995.
32. Stolbova O. V. Chadic Etymological Dictionary. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; 2016.
33. Roth M. T. (ed.). The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Gluckstadt: J. J. Augustin; 1957-2010. Available at: https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/assyrian-dictionary-oriental-institute-university-chicago-cad
34. Faulkner R. O. A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian. Oxford: Griffith Institute; 1962.
35. Johnstone T. M. Mehri Lexicon and English-Mehri Word-List. London: University of London; 1987.
