Ориенталистика. 2021; 4: 233-241
Гендерная проблема и храм в Сабаримале: женское тело, сексуальность и желание в санскритской брахманической традиции
https://doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-1-233-241Аннотация
Долгое время человеческое тело не являлось предметом исторических штудий. Хотя тело как биологическая субстанция не может быть предметом исторического исследования, человеческое тело как религиозный, социальный и культурный феномен вполне может выступать в таковом качестве. Не так давно в связи со спором о том, допускались ли женщины в храм в Сабаримале, интерес историков привлекло женское тело. Различные мнения, высказанные по этому поводу, автор принял как отправную точку для изучения гендерной природы социальных институтов, их нормативных предписаний и культурного символизма в более широких санскритско-брахманических традициях. Причина тому – предвзятое отношение представителей этой традиции к женщинам определенной возрастной группы не только в связи с тем, что они несут опасность «загрязнения», но и с тем, что они представляют угрозу для уединения индийского локального божества (брахмачари) Айяппана, которому этот храмовый комплекс посвящен. На основании богатой санскритской текстовой традиции автор стремится показать, что восприятие мужских и женских выделений было асимметричным, в результате чего женское тело воспринималось как вместилище мерзости.
Список литературы
1. Bhattacharyya N. N. Ancient Indian Rituals and Their Social Contents. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers; 1996.
2. Monier-Williams. Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal; 1994.
3. Mahābhārata of Vyāsa. Critical edition in 19 vols. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute; 1933–1966.
4. Joshi K. L., Dutt M. N. (ed. & transl.) Āpastamba Smṛti. Sixteen Minor Smritis. Delhi: Parimal Publications; 2006.
5. Joshi K. L., Dutt M. N. (ed. & transl.) Pārāśar smṛti. Sixteen Minor Smritis. Delhi: Parimal Publications; 2006.
6. GaruḍaPurāṇa. Vol. 2. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass; 1979.
7. Jaiswal Suvira. Caste: Origin, Function and Dimension of Change. Delhi: Manohar Publishers; 1998.
8. Blake M. The Origins of Virashiva Sect. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass; 1992.
9. Shah Sh. The Making of Womanhood: Gender Relations in the Mahābhārata. Second revised ed. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers; 2012.
10. Sharma P. V. (ed. & transl.) Carakasaṁhitā. In 2 vols. Varanasi: Chowkhamba; 1981–1985.
11. Babulal Shukla Shastri (transl.) Nāgarasarvasvam of Padmaśrī. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers; 1994.
12. Madhavacharya (ed. & transl.) Jayamaṅgalā Commentary on Kāmasūtra by Yaśodhara. In 2 vols. Bombay: Khemraj Shrikrishna Prakashan; 1995.
13. Shah Sh. Love, Eroticism and Female Sexuality in Classical Sanskrit Literature: Seventh–Thirteenth Centuries. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers; 2009.
14. Chudhuri J. B. Sanskrit Poetesses: Contributions of Women to Sanskrit Literature. Vol. 2. Part A. Calcutta: Self Published; 1941.
15. Krishnamacharya E. (ed) Sūktimuktāvli of Jalhaṇa. Baroda: Oriental Institute; 1938.
16. Ramachandra Mishra (ed. & transl.) Mahāvīracaritam of Bhavabhūti. Varanasi: Chowkhamba; 1968.
17. Jagdisha Chandra Mishra (ed. & transl.) Saundarānanda of Aśvaghoṣa. Varanasi: Chowkhamba; 1991.
18. Miller B. S. (transl.) Śatakatrayam of Bhartṛhari. New York: Columbia University Press; 1967.
19. Kedarnath Sharma (ed. & transl.) Daśakumāracaritam of Daṇḍin. Varanasi: Chowkhamba; 1965.
20. Ingalls D. H. H. (transl.) Subhāṣitaratnakoṣa of Vidyākara. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1965.
21. Kangle R. P. (ed. & transl.) Arthaśāstra of Kauṭilya. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass; 1992.
22. Müller M. A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. Varanasi: Chowkhamba; 1968.
23. Ramaswamy Vijaya. Divinity and Deviance: Women in Virashaivism. Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1996.
Orientalistica. 2021; 4: 233-241
Gendering the Sabarimala Conundrum: Female Body, Sexuality and Desire in the Sanskritic Brahmanic Tradition
https://doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-1-233-241Abstract
Historians have for long ignored the human body as a theme of inquiry. While there cannot be a history of the biological body, there is tremendous scope for enquiring into the religious, social and cultural attitudes towards this body. Recently, the female body impinged on our collective consciousness in the context of the Sabarimala temple entry controversy. The debate which this issue generated gives me an entry point to examine the gendered nature of social institutions, their normative injunctions, and their cultural symbolism within the wider Sanskritic / Brahmanic traditions, since it was precisely the bias of this tradition that labelled the presence of females of a particular age group as not only polluting but also presenting a threat to the seclusion of a brahmachari deity who presided over this temple complex. By analyzing a wide corpus of Sanskrit textual tradition, I seek to argue that female and male bodily secretions are represented asymmetrically and sought to degrade woman by representing her as a site of revulsion.
References
1. Bhattacharyya N. N. Ancient Indian Rituals and Their Social Contents. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers; 1996.
2. Monier-Williams. Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal; 1994.
3. Mahābhārata of Vyāsa. Critical edition in 19 vols. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute; 1933–1966.
4. Joshi K. L., Dutt M. N. (ed. & transl.) Āpastamba Smṛti. Sixteen Minor Smritis. Delhi: Parimal Publications; 2006.
5. Joshi K. L., Dutt M. N. (ed. & transl.) Pārāśar smṛti. Sixteen Minor Smritis. Delhi: Parimal Publications; 2006.
6. GaruḍaPurāṇa. Vol. 2. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass; 1979.
7. Jaiswal Suvira. Caste: Origin, Function and Dimension of Change. Delhi: Manohar Publishers; 1998.
8. Blake M. The Origins of Virashiva Sect. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass; 1992.
9. Shah Sh. The Making of Womanhood: Gender Relations in the Mahābhārata. Second revised ed. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers; 2012.
10. Sharma P. V. (ed. & transl.) Carakasaṁhitā. In 2 vols. Varanasi: Chowkhamba; 1981–1985.
11. Babulal Shukla Shastri (transl.) Nāgarasarvasvam of Padmaśrī. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers; 1994.
12. Madhavacharya (ed. & transl.) Jayamaṅgalā Commentary on Kāmasūtra by Yaśodhara. In 2 vols. Bombay: Khemraj Shrikrishna Prakashan; 1995.
13. Shah Sh. Love, Eroticism and Female Sexuality in Classical Sanskrit Literature: Seventh–Thirteenth Centuries. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers; 2009.
14. Chudhuri J. B. Sanskrit Poetesses: Contributions of Women to Sanskrit Literature. Vol. 2. Part A. Calcutta: Self Published; 1941.
15. Krishnamacharya E. (ed) Sūktimuktāvli of Jalhaṇa. Baroda: Oriental Institute; 1938.
16. Ramachandra Mishra (ed. & transl.) Mahāvīracaritam of Bhavabhūti. Varanasi: Chowkhamba; 1968.
17. Jagdisha Chandra Mishra (ed. & transl.) Saundarānanda of Aśvaghoṣa. Varanasi: Chowkhamba; 1991.
18. Miller B. S. (transl.) Śatakatrayam of Bhartṛhari. New York: Columbia University Press; 1967.
19. Kedarnath Sharma (ed. & transl.) Daśakumāracaritam of Daṇḍin. Varanasi: Chowkhamba; 1965.
20. Ingalls D. H. H. (transl.) Subhāṣitaratnakoṣa of Vidyākara. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1965.
21. Kangle R. P. (ed. & transl.) Arthaśāstra of Kauṭilya. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass; 1992.
22. Müller M. A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. Varanasi: Chowkhamba; 1968.
23. Ramaswamy Vijaya. Divinity and Deviance: Women in Virashaivism. Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1996.
