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Альманах клинической медицины. 2017; 45: 575-585

Распространенность сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний до и после трансплантации почки

Мартиросян С. М., Космачева Е. Д.

https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2017-45-7-575-585

Аннотация

Трансплантация почки – оптимальный способ лечения пациентов с терминальной почечной недостаточностью. Лидирующие позиции в структуре летальности среди реципиентов почки занимают сердечно-сосудистые заболевания. В  обзорной статье рассмотрены причины возникновения и роль артериальной гипертензии, гипертрофии миокарда, застойной сердечной недостаточности, ишемической болезни сердца, дислипидемии на разных этапах болезни почки (начальная додиализная стадия, стадия гемодиализа или перитонеального диализа и  стадия жизни с  трансплантированной почкой), а  также возможности лечения сердечно-сосудистых осложнений. Несмотря на то что успешная трансплантация приводит к  восстановлению функциональных возможностей почки, распространенность посттрансплантационной артериальной гипертензии остается существенной и  представляет собой один из основных факторов, определяющих прогноз. Наличие артериальной гипертензии у  больных с  хронической почечной недостаточностью служит триггером к  ремоделированию миокарда и  камер сердца, реализующемуся посредством гипертрофии миокарда левого желудочка. Прогрессирование гипертрофии левого желудочка за счет фиброзной пролиферации лежит в  основе нарушения систолической и  диастолической функций сердца, а  также электрической нестабильности миокарда, что приводит к таким клиническим состояниям, как нарушения ритма сердца и  застойная сердечная недостаточность. Возникновение застойной сердечной недостаточности у  пациентов после трансплантации считается неблагоприятным прогностическим признаком. Высокая распространенность коронарной болезни среди реципиентов почки обусловлена такими факторами риска, как гипертрофия левого желудочка, нарушение сократительной способности миокарда, анемия, артериальная гипертензия, сахарный диабет. Скрининговая диагностика коронарной болезни сердца у  пациентов с  терминальной почечной недостаточностью, ожидающих трансплантацию, с  последующей превентивной реваскуляризацией способна уменьшить периоперационные риски неблагоприятных сердечно-сосудистых событий и  улучшить долгосрочные результаты трансплантации. Независимым фактором риска коронарного атеросклероза и  ишемической болезни сердца выступают нарушения метаболизма липидов, обусловленные терминальной хронической почечной недостаточностью. Даже после успешной пересадки почки дислипидемия остается значимой проблемой и имеет свои особенности. Помимо влияния на сердечно-сосудистую заболеваемость нарушения метаболизма липидов могут приводить к  снижению функции самой почки. Выявление потенциально обратимых факторов риска развития сердечно-сосудистых событий и их коррекция в ранние сроки составляют ключевую стратегию, определяющую продолжительность и качество жизни реципиентов почки. Необходим тщательный скрининг факторов риска среди данной популяции больных для оптимизации лечебных подходов. 

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Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2017; 45: 575-585

Prevalence of cardiovascular disorders before and after renal transplantation

Martirosyan S. M., Kosmacheva E. D.

https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2017-45-7-575-585

Abstract

Renal transplantation is the optimal approach to management of patients with terminal end-stage renal failure (ESRF). The leading position in the mortality structure of recipients of kidney transplants belongs to cardiovascular disorders. The review analysis the causes and the role of arterial hypertension, myocardial hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, and dyslipidemia at different stages of chronic kidney disease (the initial pre-dialysis stage, the hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis stage, and the post-transplant stage), as well as the possibilities of management of cardiovascular complications. Despite the fact that a  successful transplantation would lead to restoration of the renal function, the prevalence of post-transplant arterial hypertension remains significant and continues to be a major prognostic factor. Arterial hypertension in ESRF patients triggers myocardial and chamber remodeling, mediated by left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricular hypertrophy progression due to fibrotic proliferation underlies the systolic and diastolic dysfunction, as well as electrical instability of the myocardium, which leads to such clinical conditions as heart arrhythmias and congestive heart failure. The development of congestive heart failure in transplant recipients has been recognized as an unfavorable prognostic factor. The high prevalence of coronary artery disease among the kidney recipients is related to such risk factors as left ventricular hypertrophy, decreased myocardial contractility, anemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Screening for coronary artery disease in patients with ESRF awaiting for transplantation, with subsequent preventive revascularization, may reduce perioperative risks of adverse cardiovascular events and improve long-term results of transplantation. Disorders of lipid metabolism related to ESRF are an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Even after a successful renal transplantation, dyslipidemia remains a  significant problem with its specific characteristics. In addition to its effect on cardiovascular morbidity, the lipid disorders can deteriorate renal function. Identification of potentially reversible risk factors for cardiovascular events and their early management are a  key strategy that determines the life longevity and quality of life in renal transplant recipients. A thorough screening for risk factors in this patient category is necessary to optimize their management.

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