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Альманах клинической медицины. 2016; 44: 148-157

ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ КЛИНИЧЕСКИХ ИСХОДОВ ФОТОДИНАМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕРАПИИ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ОПТИЧЕСКОЙ ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИИ

Гамаюнов С. В., Скребцова Р. Р., Корчагина К. С., Сапунов Д. А., Шахова М. А., Шахова Н. М.

https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2016-44-2-148-157

Аннотация

Актуальность. Фотодинамическая терапия (ФДТ) – современный, минимально инвазивный метод лечения широкого спектра заболеваний, включая злокачественные новообразования. Одним из направлений развития ФДТ является индивидуализация режимов воздействия, что может быть реализовано при эффективном мониторинге лечения. Существует много подходов с  использованием методов визуализации, наиболее перспективным считается внедрение оптических методов. Цель  – анализ факторов, влияющих на клинические исходы ФДТ немеланомных опухолей кожи, и  оценка перспективности оптических методов визуализации для планирования и  мониторинга ФДТ. Материал и методы. Ретроспективно оценены различные аспекты результатов ФДТ у 855 пациентов с  немеланомными опухолями кожи. ФДТ проводилась с  использованием препаратов хлоринового ряда при их системном применении. В  качестве источника света использовали лазер с  излучением на длине волны 662  нм, режимы воздействия: плотность мощности составила в  среднем 0,3  Вт/см2 , доза лазерного облучения – 200 Дж/см2  при базальноклеточном раке и  300  Дж/см2 при плоскоклеточном раке. Клиническая оценка результатов проводилась по ответу опухоли на лечение в  соответствии с критериями оценки ответа солидных опухолей (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors  – RECIST) по наличию/отсутствию рецидивов при наблюдении в  отдаленном периоде и  по наличию/отсутствию косметических дефектов. В  качестве методов неинвазивного оптического наблюдения использованы флуоресцентная визуализация и  оптическая когерентная томография. Результаты. Установлено, что клиническими предикторами неудачных исходов лечения являются рецидивный характер опухоли, плоскоклеточный тип опухоли, выраженный экзофитный или инфильтративный компонент. С  использованием метода флуоресцентной визуализации показана связь между клиническими исходами ФДТ и  параметрами флуоресценции фотосенсибилизатора. Наилучшие клинические исходы достигнуты у  147  пациентов с  сочетанием высокой флуоресцентной контрастности (FC>1,2) и  высокой степени выгорания препарата (ΔIt/IN >25%): количество полных ответов опухоли составило  94% (138/147), рецидивы возникли только у  3  (2%) пациентов при сроках наблюдения от  6 до  53  месяцев. Клиническими предикторами косметических неудач ФДТ выступают рецидивный характер опухоли и стадия более T2. Максимально уязвимые зоны – наружное ухо и крылья носа, что связано с вовлечением в фотодинамическую реакцию хряща, расположенного непосредственно под тонкой кожей (по результатам исследования методом оптической когерентной томографии). Заключение. При наличии клинических предикторов неэффективности ФДТ целесообразна коррекция режимов светового воздействия, которую оптимально проводить с использованием методов объективного контроля границ опухоли, накопления и  выгорания фотосенсибилизатора. Динамический неинвазивный контроль процедуры ФДТ при помощи флуоресцентной визуализации и  оптической когерентной томографии перспективен для реализации индивидуального подхода с  получением оптимальных онкологических и функциональных результатов. 

Список литературы

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5. Allison RR, Moghissi K. Oncologic photodynamic therapy: clinical strategies that modulate mechanisms of action. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2013;10(4):331–41. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.03.011.

6. Allison RR, Moghissi K. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): PDT Mechanisms. Clin Endosc. 2013;46(1):24–9. doi: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.24.

7. Azzouzi AR, Lebdai S, Benzaghou F, Stief C. Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy with TOOKAD® Soluble in localized prostate cancer: standardization of the procedure. World J Urol. 2015;33(7):937–44. doi: 10.1007/s00345-015- 1535-2.

8. Galbán S, Brisset JC, Rehemtulla A, Chenevert TL, Ross BD, Galbán CJ. Diffusion-weighted MRI for assessment of early cancer treatment response. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2010;11(6):701–8. doi: 10.2174/138920110792246627.

9. Fei B, Wang H, Wu C, Chiu SM. Choline PET for monitoring early tumor response to photodynamic therapy. J Nucl Med. 2010;51(1):130–8. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.109.067579.

10. Madar-Balakirski N, Tempel-Brami C, Kalchenko V, Brenner O, Varon D, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Permanent occlusion of feeding arteries and draining veins in solid mouse tumors by vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) with Tookad. PLoS One. 2010;5(4):e10282. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010282.

11. Lee TK, Baron ED, Foster TH. Monitoring Pc 4 photodynamic therapy in clinical trials of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma using noninvasive spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2008;13(3):030507. doi: 10.1117/1.2939068.

12. Khurana M, Moriyama EH, Mariampillai A, Wilson BC. Intravital high-resolution optical imaging of individual vessel response to photodynamic treatment. J Biomed Opt. 2008;13(4):040502. doi: 10.1117/1.2965545.

13. Standish BA, Lee KK, Jin X, Mariampillai A, Munce NR, Wood MF, Wilson BC, Vitkin IA, Yang VX. Interstitial Doppler optical coherence tomography as a local tumor necrosis predictor in photodynamic therapy of prostatic carcinoma: an in vivo study. Cancer Res. 2008;68(23):9987–95. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-08-1128.

14. Mallidi S, Watanabe K, Timerman D, Schoenfeld D, Hasan T. Prediction of tumor recurrence and therapy monitoring using ultrasound-guided photoacoustic imaging. Theranostics. 2015;5(3):289–301. doi: 10.7150/thno.10155.

15. Tyrrell JS, Campbell SM, Curnow A. The relationship between protoporphyrin IX photobleaching during real-time dermatological methyl-aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL-PDT) and subsequent clinical outcome. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42(7):613–9. doi: 10.1002/lsm.20943.

16. Baran TM, Foster TH. Fluence rate-dependent photobleaching of intratumorally administered Pc 4 does not predict tumor growth delay. Photochem Photobiol. 2012;88(5):1273–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01171.x.

17. Anbil S, Rizvi I, Celli JP, Alagic N, Hasan T. A photobleaching-based PDT dose metric predicts PDT efficacy over certain BPD concentration ranges in a three-dimensional model of ovarian cancer. Proc. SPIE 8568, Optical Methods for Tumor Treatment and Detection: Mechanisms and Techniques in Photodynamic Therapy XXII, 85680S (March 13, 2013). doi: 10.1117/12.2010840. Доступно на: http://dx. doi.org/10.1117/12.2010840

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19. Kruijt B, de Bruijn HS, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, de Bruin RW, Sterenborg HJ, Amelink A, Robinson DJ. Monitoring ALA-induced PpIX photodynamic therapy in the rat esophagus using fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol. 2008;84(6):1515–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1751- 1097.2008.00379.x.

20. Sunar U, Rohrbach D, Rigual N, Tracy E, Keymel K, Cooper MT, Baumann H, Henderson BH. Monitoring photobleaching and hemodynamic responses to HPPH-mediated photodynamic therapy of head and neck cancer: a case report. Opt Express. 2010;18(14):14969–78. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.014969.

21. Maas AL, Carter SL, Wileyto EP, Miller J, Yuan M, Yu G, Durham AC, Busch TM. Tumor vascular microenvironment determines responsiveness to photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 2012;72(8):2079–88. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-11-3744.

22. Mallidi S, Spring BQ, Chang S, Vakoc B, Hasan T. Optical Imaging, Photodynamic Therapy and Optically Triggered Combination Treatments. Cancer J. 2015;21(3):194–205. doi: 10.1097/ PPO.0000000000000117.

23. Yan X, Hu H, Lin J, Jin AJ, Niu G, Zhang S, Huang P, Shen B, Chen X. Optical and photoacoustic dual-modality imaging guided synergistic photodynamic/photothermal therapies. Nanoscale. 2015;7(6):2520–6. doi: 10.1039/ c4nr06868h.

24. Shanbhogue AK, Karnad AB, Prasad SR. Tumor response evaluation in oncology: current update. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2010;34(4):479– 84. doi: 10.1097/RCT.0b013e3181db2670.

25. Странадко ЕФ, Волгин ВН, Рябов МВ. Фото-динамическая терапия базально-клеточного рака кожи с применением фотогема. Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2008;(6):28–33.

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27. Shirmanova MV, Gavrina AI, Aksenova NA, Glagolev NN, Solovieva AB, Shakhov BE, Zagaynova EV. Comparative study of tissue distribution of chlorin e6 complexes with amphiphilic polymers in mice with cervical carcinoma. J Anal Bioanal Tech. 2014;S1:008. doi: 10.4172/2155-9872.S1-008.

28. Sliakhtsin SV, Trukhachova TV, Petrov PT, Isaakov GA, Istomin YP. Investigation of tissue biodistribution and plasma pharmacokinetics of Photolon® (Fotolon®) in intact and tumor-bearing rats. Evaluation of the ability of the photosensitizer to pass through intact histohematogenous barriers. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2008;5 Suppl 1:S6–S7. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S1572-1000(08)70019-X.

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Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2016; 44: 148-157

THE WAYS TO OPTIMIZE CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY BY OPTICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES

Gamayunov S. V., Skrebtsova R. R., Korchagina K. S., Sapunov D. A., Shakhova M. A., Shakhova N. M.

https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2016-44-2-148-157

Abstract

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a  modern minimally invasive technique for treatment of a wide range of diseases, including malignancies. One of directions for PDT development is the individualization of exposure modes that can be achieved with effective treatment monitoring. There are a  number of approaches employing imaging techniques, the most promising of them being optical ones. Aim: To analyze factors affecting clinical outcomes of PDT in non-melanoma skin tumors, and to evaluate the prospects of optical imaging techniques for PDT planning and monitoring. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed various aspects of the results PDT obtained in 855 patients with non-melanoma skin tumors. PDT was performed with systemic chlorine photosensitizers. As a  source of irradiation, the laser at a wavelength of 662 nm was used following exposure modes: mean power density 0.3 W/cm², the laser irradiation dose of 200 J/cm² for basal cancer and 300 J/cm² for squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical evaluation was performed based on tumor response according to RECIST criteria, by the presence or absence of recurrence during long term follow up and by the presence or absence of cosmetic defects. Fluorescence imaging and optical coherence tomography were used as non-invasive imaging techniques. Results: It was found that clinical predictors of treatment failure included tumor recurrence, squamous type of tumor, and advanced exophytic or infiltrative component. Fluorescence imaging showed an association between clinical outcomes of PDT and fluorescence characteristics of the photosensitizer. The best clinical outcomes were achieved in 147 patients with a combination of high contrast fluorescence (FC>1.2) and a high degree of photobleaching of the agent (ΔIt/IN >25%): the number of complete tumor responses was 94% (138 of 147), with recurrence seen in 3 (2%) patients only with the follow up from 6 to 53 month duration. Clinical predictors of PDT cosmetic failures are tumor recurrence and tumor stage above T2. The most vulnerable zones are the outer ear and nose wings; this fact is related to an involvement of the cartilage located directly beneath the thin skin in the photodynamic reaction. This was demonstrated by optical coherence tomography. Conclusion: Presence of clinical predictors of PDT failure justifies correction of light exposure modes that can be optimally implemented with techniques for objective evaluation of the tumor borders, photosensitizer accumulation and photobleaching. Dynamic non-invasive monitoring of PDT procedure with fluorescence imaging and optical coherence tomography seems promising for implementation of an individual approach resulting in optimal oncological and functional outcomes.
References

1. Celli JP, Spring BQ, Rizvi I, Evans CL, Samkoe KS, Verma S, Pogue BW, Hasan T. Imaging and photodynamic therapy: mechanisms, monitoring, and optimization. Chem Rev. 2010;110(5):2795–838. doi: 10.1021/ cr900300p.

2. Agostinis P, Berg K, Cengel KA, Foster TH, Girotti AW, Gollnick SO, Hahn SM, Hamblin MR, Juzeniene A, Kessel D, Korbelik M, Moan J, Mroz P, Nowis D, Piette J, Wilson BC, Golab J. Photodynamic therapy of cancer: an update. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61(4):250–81. doi: 10.3322/caac.20114.

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5. Allison RR, Moghissi K. Oncologic photodynamic therapy: clinical strategies that modulate mechanisms of action. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2013;10(4):331–41. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.03.011.

6. Allison RR, Moghissi K. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): PDT Mechanisms. Clin Endosc. 2013;46(1):24–9. doi: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.24.

7. Azzouzi AR, Lebdai S, Benzaghou F, Stief C. Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy with TOOKAD® Soluble in localized prostate cancer: standardization of the procedure. World J Urol. 2015;33(7):937–44. doi: 10.1007/s00345-015- 1535-2.

8. Galbán S, Brisset JC, Rehemtulla A, Chenevert TL, Ross BD, Galbán CJ. Diffusion-weighted MRI for assessment of early cancer treatment response. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2010;11(6):701–8. doi: 10.2174/138920110792246627.

9. Fei B, Wang H, Wu C, Chiu SM. Choline PET for monitoring early tumor response to photodynamic therapy. J Nucl Med. 2010;51(1):130–8. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.109.067579.

10. Madar-Balakirski N, Tempel-Brami C, Kalchenko V, Brenner O, Varon D, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Permanent occlusion of feeding arteries and draining veins in solid mouse tumors by vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) with Tookad. PLoS One. 2010;5(4):e10282. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010282.

11. Lee TK, Baron ED, Foster TH. Monitoring Pc 4 photodynamic therapy in clinical trials of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma using noninvasive spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2008;13(3):030507. doi: 10.1117/1.2939068.

12. Khurana M, Moriyama EH, Mariampillai A, Wilson BC. Intravital high-resolution optical imaging of individual vessel response to photodynamic treatment. J Biomed Opt. 2008;13(4):040502. doi: 10.1117/1.2965545.

13. Standish BA, Lee KK, Jin X, Mariampillai A, Munce NR, Wood MF, Wilson BC, Vitkin IA, Yang VX. Interstitial Doppler optical coherence tomography as a local tumor necrosis predictor in photodynamic therapy of prostatic carcinoma: an in vivo study. Cancer Res. 2008;68(23):9987–95. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-08-1128.

14. Mallidi S, Watanabe K, Timerman D, Schoenfeld D, Hasan T. Prediction of tumor recurrence and therapy monitoring using ultrasound-guided photoacoustic imaging. Theranostics. 2015;5(3):289–301. doi: 10.7150/thno.10155.

15. Tyrrell JS, Campbell SM, Curnow A. The relationship between protoporphyrin IX photobleaching during real-time dermatological methyl-aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL-PDT) and subsequent clinical outcome. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42(7):613–9. doi: 10.1002/lsm.20943.

16. Baran TM, Foster TH. Fluence rate-dependent photobleaching of intratumorally administered Pc 4 does not predict tumor growth delay. Photochem Photobiol. 2012;88(5):1273–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01171.x.

17. Anbil S, Rizvi I, Celli JP, Alagic N, Hasan T. A photobleaching-based PDT dose metric predicts PDT efficacy over certain BPD concentration ranges in a three-dimensional model of ovarian cancer. Proc. SPIE 8568, Optical Methods for Tumor Treatment and Detection: Mechanisms and Techniques in Photodynamic Therapy XXII, 85680S (March 13, 2013). doi: 10.1117/12.2010840. Dostupno na: http://dx. doi.org/10.1117/12.2010840

18. Gamayunov SV, Grebenkina EV, Ermilina AA, Karov VA, König K, Korchagina KS, Skrebtsova RR, Terekhov VM, Terent'ev IG, Turchin IV, Shakhova NM. Flyuorestsentnyi monitoring fotodinamicheskoi terapii raka kozhi v klinicheskoi praktike. Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine. 2015;7(2):75–83. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17691/stm2015.7.2.10.

19. Kruijt B, de Bruijn HS, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, de Bruin RW, Sterenborg HJ, Amelink A, Robinson DJ. Monitoring ALA-induced PpIX photodynamic therapy in the rat esophagus using fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol. 2008;84(6):1515–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1751- 1097.2008.00379.x.

20. Sunar U, Rohrbach D, Rigual N, Tracy E, Keymel K, Cooper MT, Baumann H, Henderson BH. Monitoring photobleaching and hemodynamic responses to HPPH-mediated photodynamic therapy of head and neck cancer: a case report. Opt Express. 2010;18(14):14969–78. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.014969.

21. Maas AL, Carter SL, Wileyto EP, Miller J, Yuan M, Yu G, Durham AC, Busch TM. Tumor vascular microenvironment determines responsiveness to photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 2012;72(8):2079–88. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-11-3744.

22. Mallidi S, Spring BQ, Chang S, Vakoc B, Hasan T. Optical Imaging, Photodynamic Therapy and Optically Triggered Combination Treatments. Cancer J. 2015;21(3):194–205. doi: 10.1097/ PPO.0000000000000117.

23. Yan X, Hu H, Lin J, Jin AJ, Niu G, Zhang S, Huang P, Shen B, Chen X. Optical and photoacoustic dual-modality imaging guided synergistic photodynamic/photothermal therapies. Nanoscale. 2015;7(6):2520–6. doi: 10.1039/ c4nr06868h.

24. Shanbhogue AK, Karnad AB, Prasad SR. Tumor response evaluation in oncology: current update. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2010;34(4):479– 84. doi: 10.1097/RCT.0b013e3181db2670.

25. Stranadko EF, Volgin VN, Ryabov MV. Foto-dinamicheskaya terapiya bazal'no-kletochnogo raka kozhi s primeneniem fotogema. Klinicheskaya dermatologiya i venerologiya. 2008;(6):28–33.

26. Lee Y, Baron ED. Photodynamic therapy: current evidence and applications in dermatology. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2011;30(4):199– 209. doi: 10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.001.

27. Shirmanova MV, Gavrina AI, Aksenova NA, Glagolev NN, Solovieva AB, Shakhov BE, Zagaynova EV. Comparative study of tissue distribution of chlorin e6 complexes with amphiphilic polymers in mice with cervical carcinoma. J Anal Bioanal Tech. 2014;S1:008. doi: 10.4172/2155-9872.S1-008.

28. Sliakhtsin SV, Trukhachova TV, Petrov PT, Isaakov GA, Istomin YP. Investigation of tissue biodistribution and plasma pharmacokinetics of Photolon® (Fotolon®) in intact and tumor-bearing rats. Evaluation of the ability of the photosensitizer to pass through intact histohematogenous barriers. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2008;5 Suppl 1:S6–S7. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S1572-1000(08)70019-X.

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