Альманах клинической медицины. 2021; 49: 157-164
Ортостатическая гипотония при артериальной гипертензии у пациентов 60 лет и старше: взаимосвязь с артериальной жесткостью и синдромом старческой астении
https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2021-49-017Аннотация
Цель – изучить взаимосвязи между ортостатической гипотонией (ОГ) и артериальной жесткостью, измеренной с помощью сердечно-лодыжечного сосудистого индекса (СЛСИ), в группе пациентов 60 лет и старше с артериальной гипертензией (АГ) и сопутствующим синдромом старческой астении (ССА).
Материал и методы. В исследование включены 160 пациентов в возрасте от 60 до 101 года с верифицированной АГ I–II стадии без тяжелых сопутствующих соматических заболеваний. Оценивали фактический прием ранее назначенных лекарственных препаратов. Для предварительного отбора пациентов применяли краткий опросник «Возраст не помеха». Пациенты были разделены на три группы в соответствии с действующим алгоритмом диагностики ССА: 1-ю группу составили пациенты с ССА, 2-ю – с преастенией, 3-ю – пациенты без ССА. Оценка артериальной жесткости проводилась методом объемной сфигмографии (прибор VaSera VS-1500, Fukuda Denshi, Япония) с определением показателя СЛСИ. Ортостатическая проба считалась положительной в случае снижения артериального давления на 20/10 мм рт. ст. и более при переходе в вертикальное положение.
Результаты. Средний возраст включенных в исследование пациентов составил 77,2±8,1 года (n=160): в группе пациентов без ССА 72,4±6,9 года (n=50), c преастенией 76,6±8,1 года (n=50), у пациентов с ССА 81,7±6,6 года (n=60). ОГ присутствовала у 53 (33%) пациентов в целом по группе. Выявлена краевая значимость различий между группами пациентов с преастенией и без ССА: показатели составили 44 и 20% соответственно, p=0,053. Уровень СЛСИ был выше у пациентов с ССА по сравнению с пациентами без данного синдрома (p=0,0005). ОГ также оказалась фактором, повышающим СЛСИ независимо от возраста и ССА (р=0,0067). Влияние ОГ на СЛСИ в группе пациентов с ССА выявлено лишь при однофакторном анализе, при проведении же дополнительного анализа этого влияния обнаружено не было.
Заключение. ОГ отмечается у 33% пациентов 60 лет и старше с АГ. Артериальная жесткость возрастает с нарастанием ССА, а также при сопутствующей ОГ в группе пациентов 60 лет и старше. Прогрессирование артериальной жесткости в группе пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста протекает неоднородно и зависит от наличия сопутствующего ССА.
Список литературы
1. Kovacic JC, Moreno P, Hachinski V, Nabel EG, Fuster V. Cellular senescence, vascular disease, and aging: Part 1 of a 2-part review. Circulation. 2011;123(15):1650–1660. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.007021.
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4. Cohen-Mansfield J, Skornick-Bouchbinder M, Brill S. Trajectories of End of Life: A Systematic Review. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2018;73(4):564–572. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbx093.
5. Xue QL. The frailty syndrome: definition and natural history. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011;27(1): 1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.009.
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8. Kobayashi Y, Fujikawa T, Kobayashi H, Sumida K, Suzuki S, Kagimoto M, Okuyama Y, Ehara Y, Katsumata M, Fujita M, Fujiwara A, Saka S, Yatsu K, Hashimoto T, Kuji T, Hirawa N, Toya Y, Yasuda G, Umemura S. Relationship between Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure Drop During the Sit-to-stand Test in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2017;24(2):147–156. doi: 10.5551/jat.34645.
9. Shibao C, Lipsitz LA, Biaggioni I. ASH position paper: evaluation and treatment of orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013;15(3):147–153. doi: 10.1111/jch.12062.
10. Bromfield SG, Ngameni CA, Colantonio LD, Bowling CB, Shimbo D, Reynolds K, Safford MM, Banach M, Toth PP, Muntner P. Blood Pressure, Antihypertensive Polypharmacy, Frailty, and Risk for Serious Fall Injuries Among Older Treated Adults With Hypertension. Hypertension. 2017;70(2):259–266. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.09390.
11. Ткачева ОН, Котовская ЮВ, Рунихина НК, Фролова ЕВ, Наумов АВ, Воробьева НМ, Остапенко ВС, Мхитарян ЭА, Шарашкина НВ, Тюхменев ЕА, Переверзев АП, Дудинская ЕН. Клинические рекомендации «Старческая астения». Часть 2. Российский журнал гериатрической медицины. 2020;(2):115–130. doi: 10.37586/2686-8636-2-2020-115-130.
12. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 1996;46(5):1470. doi: 10.1212/wnl.46.5.1470.
13. Fedorowski A, Stavenow L, Hedblad B, Berglund G, Nilsson PM, Melander O. Orthostatic hypotension predicts all-cause mortality and coronary events in middle-aged individuals (The Malmo Preventive Project). Eur Heart J. 2010;31(1):85–91. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp329.
14. Hiitola P, Enlund H, Kettunen R, Sulkava R, Hartikainen S. Postural changes in blood pressure and the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension among home-dwelling elderly aged 75 years or older. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23(1):33–39. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2008.81.
15. Mol A, Slangen LRN, Trappenburg MC, Reijnierse EM, van Wezel RJA, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. Blood Pressure Drop Rate After Standing Up Is Associated With Frailty and Number of Falls in Geriatric Outpatients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(7):e014688. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014688.
16. Canney M, O'Connell MD, Murphy CM, O'Leary N, Little MA, O'Seaghdha CM, Kenny RA. Single Agent Antihypertensive Therapy and Orthostatic Blood Pressure Behaviour in Older Adults Using Beat-to-Beat Measurements: The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146156. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146156.
17. McCarthy K, Ward M, Romero Ortuño R, Kenny RA. Syncope, Fear of Falling and Quality of Life Among Older Adults: Findings From the Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging (TILDA). Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:7. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00007.
18. Kaess BM, Rong J, Larson MG, Hamburg NM, Vita JA, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Vasan RS, Mitchell GF. Aortic stiffness, blood pressure progression, and incident hypertension. JAMA. 2012;308(9):875–881. doi: 10.1001/2012.jama.10503.
19. Niiranen TJ, Lyass A, Larson MG, Hamburg NM, Benjamin EJ, Mitchell GF, Vasan RS. Prevalence, Correlates, and Prognosis of Healthy Vascular Aging in a Western Community-Dwelling Cohort: The Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension. 2017;70(2):267–274. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09026.
20. Ricci F, Fedorowski A, Radico F, Romanello M, Tatasciore A, Di Nicola M, Zimarino M, De Caterina R. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality related to orthostatic hypotension: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(25):1609–1617. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv093.
21. Centi J, Freeman R, Gibbons CH, Neargarder S, Canova AO, Cronin-Golomb A. Effects of orthostatic hypotension on cognition in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2017;88(1):17–24. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003452.
22. Mol A, Bui Hoang PTS, Sharmin S, Reijnierse EM, van Wezel RJA, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. Orthostatic Hypotension and Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(5):589–597.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2018.11.003.
Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 49: 157-164
Orthostatic hypotension in patients of 60 years and older with arterial hypertension: an association between arterial stiffness and frailty
https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2021-49-017Abstract
Aim: To assess an association between orthostatic hypotension and arterial stiffness, measured by the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), in a group of patients≥60 years of age with arterial hypertension and frailty.
Materials and methods: The study included 160 patients aged 60 to 101 years with confirmed arterial hypertension without severe concomitant physical disorders. Compliance to the previously prescribed medications was assessed. A short questionnaire, "Age is not a hindrance," was used to identify patients with frailty. According to the current diagnostic algorithm for frailty, the patients were categorized into three groups: group 1, frail, group 2, pre-frail, group 3, healthy. Arterial stiffness was assessed by volumetric sphygmometry (VaSera-VS-1500, Fukuda Denshi, Japan) with the measurement of CAVI. The orthostatic test was considered positive if blood pressure falls by≥20/10 mm Hg after changing from supine to standing position.
Results: The mean age of the study patients was 77.2±8.1 years (n=160), being 72.4±6.9 years in the healthy patients (n=50), 76.6±8.1 years in the pre-frail (n=50) and 81.7±6.6 years in the frail patients (n=60). Orthostatic hypotension was identified in total of 53 (33%) patients, with marginally significant difference between the pre-frail and healthy groups (44 and 20% of the patients, respectively, p=0.053). The CAVI values were higher in frail patients, compared to healthy ones (p=0.0005). Orthostatic hypotension was associated with a higher CAVI, irrespective of the patients’ age and frailty (р=0.0067). The association between orthostatic hypotension and CAVI in frail patients was found only with unifactor analysis, but became non-significant with the additional analysis.
Conclusion: Orthostatic hypotension can be found in 33% of the elderly patients with arterial hypertension. Arterial stiffness increases with increasing frailty, as well as with concomitant orthostatic hypotension in the group of the patients≥60 years of age. The progression of arterial stiffness in the elderly group is heterogeneous and depends on the presence of frailty.
References
1. Kovacic JC, Moreno P, Hachinski V, Nabel EG, Fuster V. Cellular senescence, vascular disease, and aging: Part 1 of a 2-part review. Circulation. 2011;123(15):1650–1660. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.007021.
2. Vermeiren S, Vella-Azzopardi R, Beckwée D, Habbig AK, Scafoglieri A, Jansen B, Bautmans I; Gerontopole Brussels Study group. Frailty and the Prediction of Negative Health Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(12):1163.e1–1163.e17. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.09.010.
3. Tkacheva ON, Kotovskaya YuV, Runikhina NK, Frolova EV, Naumov AV, Vorob'eva NM, Ostapenko VS, Mkhitaryan EA, Sharashkina NV, Tyukhmenev EA, Pereverzev AP, Dudinskaya EN. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii «Starcheskaya asteniya». Rossiiskii zhurnal geriatricheskoi meditsiny. 2020;(1):11–46. doi: 10.37586/2686-8636-1-2020-11-46.
4. Cohen-Mansfield J, Skornick-Bouchbinder M, Brill S. Trajectories of End of Life: A Systematic Review. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2018;73(4):564–572. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbx093.
5. Xue QL. The frailty syndrome: definition and natural history. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011;27(1): 1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.009.
6. Magkas N, Tsioufis C, Thomopoulos C, Dilaveris P, Georgiopoulos G, Sanidas E, Papademetriou V, Tousoulis D. Orthostatic hypotension: From pathophysiology to clinical applications and therapeutic considerations. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019;21(5):546–554. doi: 10.1111/jch.13521.
7. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, Benditt DG, Benarroch E, Biaggioni I, Cheshire WP, Chelimsky T, Cortelli P, Gibbons CH, Goldstein DS, Hainsworth R, Hilz MJ, Jacob G, Kaufmann H, Jordan J, Lipsitz LA, Levine BD, Low PA, Mathias C, Raj SR, Robertson D, Sandroni P, Schatz I, Schondorff R, Stewart JM, van Dijk JG. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011;21(2):69–72. doi: 10.1007/s10286-011-0119-5.
8. Kobayashi Y, Fujikawa T, Kobayashi H, Sumida K, Suzuki S, Kagimoto M, Okuyama Y, Ehara Y, Katsumata M, Fujita M, Fujiwara A, Saka S, Yatsu K, Hashimoto T, Kuji T, Hirawa N, Toya Y, Yasuda G, Umemura S. Relationship between Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure Drop During the Sit-to-stand Test in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2017;24(2):147–156. doi: 10.5551/jat.34645.
9. Shibao C, Lipsitz LA, Biaggioni I. ASH position paper: evaluation and treatment of orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013;15(3):147–153. doi: 10.1111/jch.12062.
10. Bromfield SG, Ngameni CA, Colantonio LD, Bowling CB, Shimbo D, Reynolds K, Safford MM, Banach M, Toth PP, Muntner P. Blood Pressure, Antihypertensive Polypharmacy, Frailty, and Risk for Serious Fall Injuries Among Older Treated Adults With Hypertension. Hypertension. 2017;70(2):259–266. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.09390.
11. Tkacheva ON, Kotovskaya YuV, Runikhina NK, Frolova EV, Naumov AV, Vorob'eva NM, Ostapenko VS, Mkhitaryan EA, Sharashkina NV, Tyukhmenev EA, Pereverzev AP, Dudinskaya EN. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii «Starcheskaya asteniya». Chast' 2. Rossiiskii zhurnal geriatricheskoi meditsiny. 2020;(2):115–130. doi: 10.37586/2686-8636-2-2020-115-130.
12. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 1996;46(5):1470. doi: 10.1212/wnl.46.5.1470.
13. Fedorowski A, Stavenow L, Hedblad B, Berglund G, Nilsson PM, Melander O. Orthostatic hypotension predicts all-cause mortality and coronary events in middle-aged individuals (The Malmo Preventive Project). Eur Heart J. 2010;31(1):85–91. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp329.
14. Hiitola P, Enlund H, Kettunen R, Sulkava R, Hartikainen S. Postural changes in blood pressure and the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension among home-dwelling elderly aged 75 years or older. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23(1):33–39. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2008.81.
15. Mol A, Slangen LRN, Trappenburg MC, Reijnierse EM, van Wezel RJA, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. Blood Pressure Drop Rate After Standing Up Is Associated With Frailty and Number of Falls in Geriatric Outpatients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(7):e014688. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014688.
16. Canney M, O'Connell MD, Murphy CM, O'Leary N, Little MA, O'Seaghdha CM, Kenny RA. Single Agent Antihypertensive Therapy and Orthostatic Blood Pressure Behaviour in Older Adults Using Beat-to-Beat Measurements: The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146156. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146156.
17. McCarthy K, Ward M, Romero Ortuño R, Kenny RA. Syncope, Fear of Falling and Quality of Life Among Older Adults: Findings From the Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging (TILDA). Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:7. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00007.
18. Kaess BM, Rong J, Larson MG, Hamburg NM, Vita JA, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Vasan RS, Mitchell GF. Aortic stiffness, blood pressure progression, and incident hypertension. JAMA. 2012;308(9):875–881. doi: 10.1001/2012.jama.10503.
19. Niiranen TJ, Lyass A, Larson MG, Hamburg NM, Benjamin EJ, Mitchell GF, Vasan RS. Prevalence, Correlates, and Prognosis of Healthy Vascular Aging in a Western Community-Dwelling Cohort: The Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension. 2017;70(2):267–274. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09026.
20. Ricci F, Fedorowski A, Radico F, Romanello M, Tatasciore A, Di Nicola M, Zimarino M, De Caterina R. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality related to orthostatic hypotension: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(25):1609–1617. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv093.
21. Centi J, Freeman R, Gibbons CH, Neargarder S, Canova AO, Cronin-Golomb A. Effects of orthostatic hypotension on cognition in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2017;88(1):17–24. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003452.
22. Mol A, Bui Hoang PTS, Sharmin S, Reijnierse EM, van Wezel RJA, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. Orthostatic Hypotension and Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(5):589–597.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2018.11.003.
