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Альманах клинической медицины. 2019; 47: 525-534

Хронический панкреатит и сахарный диабет: обзор литературы

Ломакина Е. Ю., Таратина О. В., Белоусова Е. А.

https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2019-47-075

Аннотация

Обоснование. Достаточно давно ведется дискуссия о том, как связаны между собой хронический панкреатит (ХП) и сахарный диабет (СД). В случае развития у одного пациента следует ли их рассматривать как два независимых заболевания или одно из них – закономерное следствие другого? Если верно последнее, каковы механизмы развития СД при ХП? В существующих консенсусах специалистов-панкреатологов этому вопросу уделено недостаточно внимания, а основные положения имеют невысокий уровень доказательности. В Российский консенсус по диагностике и лечению ХП, принятый в 2016 г., положения о СД не включены. В разрабатываемых отечественных рекомендациях и согласительных документах необходимо предусмотреть выделение панкреатогенного СД как самостоятельного СД «другого типа» с учетом механизмов его развития и клинических особенностей.

Цель – охарактеризовать состояние проблемы панкреатогенного СД, показать отличия этого типа диабета от СД 1-го и 2-го типов с патогенетических и клинических позиций.

Методы. Для раскрытия темы в обзоре использованы данные метаанализов, систематических обзоров и основные положения существующих клинических рекомендаций и консенсусов, представленные в PubMed и E-library.

Результаты. По разным данным, СД 3с типа, или латентное нарушение толерантности к глюкозе при ХП, развивается у 25–80% больных ХП. У больных острым панкреатитом снижение толерантности к глюкозе выявляется в 40–60%, а после острого панкреатита гипергликемия отмечается у 15–18%. При СД 1-го и 2-го типов часто развивается экскреторная недостаточность поджелудочной железы, хотя данные о ее частоте крайне противоречивы, что свидетельствует о недостаточной изученности проблемы. Для СД 3с типа характерна манифестация на поздних стадиях ХП, сочетание с экскреторной недостаточностью поджелудочной железы, лабильность течения со склонностью к гипогликемии, отсутствие кетоацидоза. Группу наиболее высокого риска составляют пациенты с длительным течением ХП, с предшествующей частичной резекцией поджелудочной железы и больные с ранним формированием кальцифицирующего панкреатита, преимущественно алкогольного генеза. Вопрос об оптимальном и рациональном медикаментозном лечении панкреатогенного СД пока остается спорным, поскольку доказательная база длительной эффективности и безопасности для разных сахароснижающих препаратов при данной патологии отсутствует и соглашения в этой области не достигнуто. Общие рекомендации по лечению, представленные в ряде международных консенсусов, сводятся к осторожному назначению инсулина.

Заключение. Панкреатогенный СД отличается от СД 1-го и 2-го типов по ряду параметров: механизмам развития гипергликемии, гормональному профилю, клиническим особенностям, подходам к лечению. Причиной эндокринной недостаточности поджелудочной железы при ХП выступает вторичное воспалительное поражение панкреатического островкового аппарата. Объяснение особенностям СД 3с следует искать в анатомо-физиологических взаимоотношениях внешнесекреторного и внутрисекреторного аппарата поджелудочной железы. Сегодня большинство положений по панкреатогенному СД основаны на эмпирическом подходе и носят скорее декларативный характер, так как глубокие механизмы патогенеза этого типа диабета и тем более патогенетического лечения недостаточно изучены. Тем не менее все больные ХП или другой патологией поджелудочной железы должны быть обследованы на наличие панкреатогенного СД.

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Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 47: 525-534

Chronic pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus: a review of the literature

Lomakina E. Yu., Taratina O. V., Belousova E. A.

https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2019-47-075

Abstract

Background: For a long time there has been a discussion about how chronic pancreatitis (CP) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are related to each other. If a patient has both conditions, should they be viewed as two separate disorders, or one of them is a plausible consequence of the other? If the latter is true, what are pathophysiological mechanisms of DM in CP? Current consensus documents by specialists in pancreatic diseases pay little attention to this issue, and their main statements have low level of evidence. The Russian consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of CP (2016) contains no statements on DM. In the Russian guidelines and consensus documents to be developed, it is necessary to include provisions on the pancreatogenic DM as an independent “other type DM’, with consideration of its pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical particulars.

Aim: To characterize the state-of-the-art in pancreatogenic DM, to demonstrate its differences from DM types 1 and 2 from pathogenetic and clinical perspectives.

Methods: The review is based on the results of meta-analyses, systematic reviews and main provisions of the existing clinical guidelines and consensus documents available from PubMed and E-library.

Results: According to various sources, Type 3c DM, or latent impaired glucose tolerance in CP, can eventually develop in 25 to 80% patients with CP. Impaired glucose tolerance is found in 40 to 60% of patients with acute pancreatitis, with persistent hyperglycemia after acute episode seen in 15 to 18% of the patients. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is commonly seen in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients, although the data on its prevalence are highly contradictory indicating a lack of knowledge in the field. Type 3c DM is characterized by its manifestation at later stages of CP, concomitant excretory deficiency of the pancreas, brittle course with proneness to hypoglycemia and no ketoacidosis. The highest risk group includes patients with longstanding CP, previous partial pancreatic resection and patients with early calcifying pancreatitis, mainly of the alcoholic origin. Optimal and rational medical treatment of pancreatogenic DM still remains disputable, while the evidence base of the efficacy and safety of various anti-diabetic agents in this disease is lacking, and no consensus on the issue has been yet reached. General treatment guidelines given in a number of international consensus documents are limited to cautious insulin administration.

Conclusion: Pancreatogenic DM differs from Type 1 and Type 2 DM in a number of aspects, namely, mechanisms of hyperglycemia, hormonal profiles, clinical particulars and treatment approaches. Endocrine pancreatic insufficiency in CP is caused by secondary inflammatory injury of the pancreatic islets. The key to specifics of Type 3c DM lies in anatomical and physiological interplay of the exocrine and endocrine compartments of the pancreas. At presents, most provisions on pancreatogenic DM are empirical and seem to be rather declarative, because intrinsic mechanisms of this type of diabetes and moreover its pathogenetically based treatment have been poorly studied. Nevertheless, all patients with CP or other pancreatic diseases should be assessed for pancreatogenic DM.

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