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Альманах клинической медицины. 2019; 47: 266-275

Гестационное сонное апноэ. Связь беременности и преэклампсии с синдромом обструктивного апноэ сна

Калачин К. А., Пырегов А. В., Шмаков Р. Г.

https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2019-47-031

Аннотация

Даже в странах с высоким уровнем оказания медицинской помощи преэклампсия (ПЭ) по-прежнему уносит много жизней, оставаясь одной из главных причин материнской смертности. Современная терапия ПЭ может быть лишь этиологической и симптоматической. В этой связи ведется активное изучение этиологии и патогенеза данного осложнения беременности. Выявление новых звеньев развития ПЭ жизненно важно, поскольку позволило бы проводить патогенетическую терапию и, как следствие, снизить летальность. Особенно это актуально сейчас, когда ведущие мировые перинатальные институты взяли курс на пролонгирование беременности при ранней преэклампсии (РПЭ) с целью улучшения неонатальных исходов. В качестве патогенетических звеньев ПЭ рассматриваются синдром обструктивного апноэ сна (СОАС) и раннее экспираторное закрытие дыхательных путей. В обзоре показана связь между беременностью и ухудшением дыхания во сне, а также между СОАС и гипертензивными расстройствами во время беременности. Предложены единые механизмы развития артериальной гипертензии при ПЭ и СОАС и с учетом этих механизмов – возможные дополнительные методы лечения, направленные прежде всего на пролонгирование беременности при РПЭ. Озвучены нерешенные вопросы в области изучения СОАС у беременных в целом и у пациенток с ПЭ в частности.
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Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 47: 266-275

Gestational sleep apnea. The association between pregnancy and preeclampsia with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Kalachin K. A., Pyregov A. V., Shmakov R. G.

https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2019-47-031

Abstract

Preeclampsia (PE) continues to be one of the main reasons of maternal mortality even in countries with a high level of medical care. Current PE treatment can be etiological and symptomatic. Therefore, active investigation into etiology and pathogenesis of this pregnancy complication is on the way. Identification of new pathways in PE is of vital importance because it could provide clues to pathogenesis-related treatment and consequent reduction in mortality. It is especially in the mainstream nowadays, when leading world perinatal institutions have focused on prolongation of pregnancy in early onset PE (EPE) to improve neonatal outcomes. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome and early small airway obstruction have been proposed as pathophysiological pathways of PE. In this review article we present the association between pregnancy and sleep-related breathing dysfunction, as well as between OSA and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Common mechanisms for arterial hypertension in PE and OSA have been proposed, and additional potential treatment approaches are discussed aimed at pregnancy prolongation in EPE. We have formulated unresolved issues related to studies of obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy in general and in PE patients in particular.
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