Наследие и современность. 2019; 2: 74-91
Изучение и проект развития археологического комплекса - музея-заповедника «Мецамор»
Аннотация
Представлена история обнаружения, раскопок и изучения археологического объекта Мецамор, расположенного в Араратской долине, в 35 км к юго-западу от Еревана.
Начиная с 1963 года, когда при экспертизе плавильных отходов, найденных на объекте, геолог К. Мкртчян обнаружил мышьяк и олово в пределах старых остатков бронзового шлака, это место является объектом работ многочисленных экспедиций и исследований. На территории выявлены материалы разных исторических периодов, начиная со второй половины IV века до н. э. (Ранний бронзовый век) и вплоть до XVII века.
Богатые и разнообразные находки, обнаруженные при многослойных раскопках в Мецаморе, привели к основанию музея, где на сегодняшний день хранится свыше 28 тысяч предметов, и созданию музея-заповедника.
Проблемы изучения и сохранения культурного наследия в Армении, в её государственных и общественных структурах, некоторое время считались второстепенными, как деятельность, направленная на сохранение только наиболее значимых памятников, приносящих реальный доход без больших инвестиций. Нынешняя ситуация, частичная переориентация экономики страны на доходы, ожидаемые от развития туризма, позволяют надеяться, что отношение к сохранению культурного наследия может измениться. Решение этих задач невозможно без создания долгосрочной целевой программы сохранения объектов историко-культурного наследия и развития территории музея-заповедника «Мецамор».
Рассмотрены мероприятия, предлагаемые в рамках проекта.
Дальнейшие исследования, а также реализация вышеуказанных работ сделают памятник и одноименный музей-заповедник важным современным культурно-образовательным центром, который обеспечит высокую посещаемость и будет способствовать развитию туризма и, соответственно, экономики Армении.
Список литературы
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Heritage and Modern Times. 2019; 2: 74-91
Study and project development of the archaeological complex “Metsamor” museum-reserve
Abstract
Metsamor archaeological site is situated in the Ararat Valley, 35 km southwest of Yerevan. It is placed at the edge of Taronik village quite close to the marshy sources of the Metsamor River.
In 1963, during the examination of the smelting waste found at the site, a geologist K. Mkrtchyan discovered arsenium and tin within the old remains of the bronze slag. This allowed scientist to make preliminary assumption about the presence of an ancient smelting workshop on the spot. In 1965Metsamor expedition team was formed to verify this assumption, as well as other noticeable facts concerning this material culture. Archaeologist Emma Khanzadyan was the unchallenged leader of the team in 1965—2007. In this course, the expedition excavated and examined the remains of the Early Agricultural site of the Early Bronze Age period (the second half of the 4th mill. BC — the first half of the 3rd mill. BC). Further excavations proved that this site with a settled population fell into decay in the second half of the 3rd mill. BC, circa 24th—23rd cc. BC, and the territory in question was mainly abandoned for about 400 years. Only from time to time, the Middle Bronze Age pastoral, nomadic tribes and groups temporarily inhabited it. The excavations carried out at Metsamor site in 1970—1980s indicate, that the ethnic bearers again inhabited the settlement from 18th—17th cc BC on, i. e. in the Middle Bronze Age III period. According to E. Khanzadyan, in this period the settlement occupied about 20 ha.
The Metsamor settlement reached its full flower in the Late Bronze period (16/15— 13/12 cc. BC). The citadel was enlarged, the outer walls were fortified, some large sanctuaries, administrative and utility rooms were constructed. This is the period when a huge bronze-smelting workshop was founded here with multifunctional industrial complexes of ore processing, ore dressing and smelting.
The economic and cultural rise of the site continued also in the Iron Age I (12/11—9/8 cc. BC). At this stage, the territory of the citadel was again enlarged and fitted out with the second row of outer walls. Outside the citadel city quarters were formed. This attests to the effect that the 2nd mill. BC is characterized by the active urban processes, and Metsamor gradually evolved into a city with appropriate administrative, religious, economic and military quarters. Judging by the results of the archaeological studies, the unassisted political, economic and cultural rise of Metsamor continued up to the first half of the 8th c BC, a period, when by the efforts of Arguishti I the major part of the Armenian Highlands (including the Ararat Valley) was incorporated into Van Kingdom (Urartu). In the first half of the 8th c BC the Urartians made some reconstructions within the Metsamor settlement.
The territory of the settlement has also yielded materials pertaining to the antique and Hellenic periods. Life continued to thrive in Metsamor throughout the Middle Ages up to the 17th century.
The rich and diverse material discovered in the multilayer excavations at Metsamor has naturally led to the founding of the Metsamor Museum at the site of the monument in 1968. Today it is the repository of 28,000 items.
Ensuring the integrity and diversity of the cultural space is one of the conditions for the sustainable development of the country's economy and its national security. The study and preservation of cultural heritage should be one of the priorities of development of the Armenian economy as of a country with high expectations for an increase in tourist flow.
The problems of studying and preserving of the cultural heritage in Armenia, in its state and public structures, were for some time considered as secondary, as an activity aimed at preserving only the most significant monuments that bring real income without much investment. The current situation, the partial reorientation of the country's economy towards the incomes expected from the development of tourism, allow us to hope that attitudes towards the preservation of cultural heritage may change.
Solving these tasks is impossible without applying the creation of a long-term target program for the preservation of objects of historical and cultural heritage and the development of the territory of the Metsamor Museum-Reserve.
The project offers:
- provision of roads, entrance and parking space, as well as the creation of infrastructure;
- detailed and final definition and documentary and legal registration of the boundaries of the territory of the monument;
- monitoring the state of conservation of monuments on the territory of the museum-reserve;
- damage assessment;
- preservation of the monument: restoration, conservation, if possible, re-creation, preparation of monuments for display;
- providing conditions for the storage of collections;
- creation of thematic museum expositions and exhibitions using modern technologies;
- creating opportunities for open storage — showing collections;
- creation of an integrated security system;
- comprehensive landscaping, based on partial reconstruction of the historical planning structure;
- creation of an integrated visitor service system;
- creation of a modern scientific, informational, restoration and educational center.
Further research, as well as the implementation of the above works, will make the monument and the museum-reserve of the same name an important modern cultural and educational center, that will ensure high attendance and will contribute to the development of tourism and, accordingly, the Armenian economy.
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