Офтальмохирургия. 2019; : 92-99
Лечение цитомегаловирусного ретинита
https://doi.org/10.25276/0235-4160-2019-3-92-99Аннотация
Цитомегаловирусный ретинит – это воспалительно-некротическое заболевание сетчатки, которое может обладать быстро прогрессирующим течением. Наиболее подвержены этому заболеванию пациенты, страдающие синдромом приобретенного иммунодефицита и реципиенты органов или гемопоэтических стволовых клеток. В этом обзоре литературы описаны системные и местные методы противовирусного лечения цитомегаловирусного ретинита, подробно даны характеристики применяемым препаратам и описаны результаты исследований, направленных на их улучшение. Также в обзоре литературы приводятся сведенья об иммунотерапии цитомегаловирусного ретинита.
Список литературы
1. Converse PJ, Fehniger TE, Ehrnst A, Strannegard O, Britton S. Immune responses to fractionated cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens after HIV infection. Loss of cellular and humoral reactivity to antigens recognized by HIV-, CMV+ individuals. Clin Exp Immunol. 1990;82(3): 559–66.
2. Heiden D, Saranchuk P. CMV retinitis in China and SE Asia: the way forward. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;24;11: 327. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-327.
3. Shi Y, Lu H, He T, Yang Y, Liu L, Zhang R, et al. Prevalence and clinical management of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients in Shanghai, China. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;24;11: 326. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-326.
4. Kim T, Lee YM, Lee SO, Choi SH, Kim YS, Woo JH, et al. Differences of cytomegalovirus diseases between kidney and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients during preemptive therapy. Korean J Intern Med. 2016;31(5): 961–70. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2015.079.
5. Crippa F, Corey L, Chuang EL, Sale G, Boeckh M. Virological, clinical, and ophthalmologic features of cytomegalovirus retinitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;15;32(2): 214–19.
6. Voigt S, Michel D, Kershaw O, Kuhl JS, Mertens T, Ebell W, Meisel H. Fatal reactivation of postnatal cytomegalovirus infection with rapid emergence of ganciclovir resistance in an infant after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;Jul;43(7): 3551–4.
7. Guex-Crosier Y, Telenti A. An epidemic of blindness: a consequence of improved HIV care? Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(3): 181.
8. Holland GN. AIDS and ophthalmology: the first quarter century. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;Mar;145(3): 397–408. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.12.001.
9. Port AD, Orlin A, Kiss S, Patel S, D’Amico DJ, Gupta MP. Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: A Review. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017;May;33(4): 224–34. doi:10.1089/jop.2016.0140.
10. Crumpacker CS. Ganciclovir. N Engl J Med. 1996;Sep;5;335(10): 721–9.
11. Pepose JS, Newman C, Bach MC, Quinn TC, Ambinder RF, Holland GN, et al. Pathologic features of cytomegalovirus retinopathy after treatment with the antiviral agent ganciclovir. Ophthalmology. 1987;94(4): 414–24.
12. D’Amico DJ, Talamo JH, Felsenstein D, Hirsch MS, Albert DM, Schooley RT. Ophthalmoscopic and histologic findings in cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with BW-B759U. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104(12): 1788–93.
13. Felsenstein D, D’Amico DJ, Hirsch MS, Neumeyer DA, Cederberg DM, de Miranda P, Schooley RT. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with 9-[2-hydroxy-1(hydroxymethyl)ethoxymethyl]guanine. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103(3): 377–80.
14. Jacobson MA, O’Donnell JJ, Brodie HR, Wofsy C, Mills J. Randomized prospective trial of ganciclovir maintenance therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Med Virol. 1988;25(3): 339–49.
15. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis: the FoscarnetGanciclovir Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Trial. The Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS (SOCA) Research Group in Collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG). Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124(1): 61–70.
16. Eid AJ, Bakri SJ, Kijpittayarit S, Razonable RR. Clinical features and outcomes of cytomegalovirus retinitis after transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2008;10(1): 13–8.
17. Jabs DA, Van Natta ML, Kempen JH, Reed Pavan P, Lim JI, Murphy RL, Hubbard LD. Characteristics of patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(1): 48–61.
18. Luckie AP. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS: current status. Med J Aust. 1995;163(9): 489– 92.
19. Drew WL, Ives D, Lalezari JP, Crumpacker C, Follansbee SE, et al. Oral ganciclovir as maintenance treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Syntex Cooperative Oral Ganciclovir Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(10): 615–20.
20. Martin DF, Sierra-Madero J, Walmsley S, Wolitz RA, Macey K, Georgiou P, Robinson CA, Stempien MJ; Valganciclovir Study Group. A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(15): 1119–26.
21. Cunha-Vaz J. The Blood-Retinal Barrier in the Management of Retinal Disease: EURETINA Award Lecture. Ophthalmologica. 2017;237(1): 1–10. doi: 10.1159/000455809.
22. Baldanti F, Simoncini L, Sarasini A, Zavattoni M, Grossi P, Revello MG, Gerna G. Ganciclovir resistance as a result of oral ganciclovir in a heart transplant recipient with multiple human cytomegalovirus strains in blood. Transplantation. 1998;66(3): 324–9.
23. Jacobson MA, O’Donnell JJ. Approaches to the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis: ganciclovir and foscarnet. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1991;4;Suppl 1: S11–5.
24. Palestine AG, Polis MA, De Smet MD, Baird BF, Falloon J, Kovacs JA, Davey RT, Zurlo JJ, Zunich KM, Davis M. A randomized, controlled trial of foscarnet in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115(9): 665–73.
25. Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group; AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Mortality in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with either foscarnet or ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(4): 213–20.
26. Hoffman VF, Skiest DJ. Therapeutic developments in cytomegalovirus retinitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2000 Feb;9(2): 207–20.
27. Lalezari JP, Stagg RJ, Kuppermann BD, Holland GN, Kramer F, Ives DV, Youle M, Robinson MR, Drew WL, Jaffe HS. Intravenous cidofovir for peripheral cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(4): 257–63.
28. Biron KK. Antiviral drugs for cytomegalovirus diseases. Antiviral Res. 2006;71(2–3): 154–63.
29. Koike A, Naruse T, Kanemitsu T, Hibino K, Yamamoto S. Studies on metastases of papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid in relation to surgical treatment (author’s transl). Nihon Gan Chiryo Gakkai Shi. 1977;12(2): 133–8.
30. Jabs DA, Martin BK, Forman MS, Hubbard L, Dunn JP, Kempen JH, Davis JL, Weinberg DV. Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group. Cytomegalovirus resistance to ganciclovir and clinical outcomes of patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(1): 26–34.
31. Jabs DA, Enger C, Dunn JP, Forman M. Cytomegalovirus retinitis and viral resistance: ganciclovir resistance. CMV Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group. J Infect Dis. 1998;177(3): 770–3.
32. Jabs DA, Enger C, Forman M, Dunn JP. Incidence of foscarnet resistance and cidofovir resistance in patients treated for cytomegalovirus retinitis. The Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42(9): 2240–4.
33. Drew WL, Miner RC, Marousek GI, Chou S. Maribavir sensitivity of cytomegalovirus isolates resistant to ganciclovir, cidofovir or foscarnet. J Clin Virol. 2006;37(2): 124–7.
34. Biron KK, Harvey RJ, Chamberlain SC, Good SS, Smith AA 3rd, Davis MG, et al. Potent and selective inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by 1263W94, a benzimidazole L-riboside with a unique mode of action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;Aug;46(8): 2365–72.
35. Williams SL, Hartline CB, Kushner NL, Harden EA, Bidanset DJ, Drach JC, Townsend LB, Underwood MR, Biron KK, Kern ER. In vitro activities of benzimidazole Dand L-ribonucleosides against herpesviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47(7): 2186–92.
36. Winston DJ, Saliba F, Blumberg E, Abouljoud M, Garcia-Diaz JB, Goss JA, Clough L, Avery R, Limaye AP, Ericzon BG, Navasa M, Troisi RI, Chen H, Villano SA, Uknis ME; 1263–301 Clinical Study Group. Efficacy and safety of maribavir dosed at 100 mg orally twice daily for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant recipients: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter controlled trial. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(11): 3021– 30. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04231.x.
37. Buerger I, Reefschlaeger J, Bender W, Eckenberg P, Popp A, Weber O, Graeper S, Klenk HD, RuebsamenWaigmann H, Hallenberger S. A novel nonnucleoside inhibitor specifically targets cytomegalovirus DNA maturation via the UL89 and UL56 gene products. J Virol. 2001;75(19): 9077–86.
38. Underwood MR, Ferris RG, Selleseth DW, Davis MG, Drach JC, Townsend LB, Biron KK, Boyd FL. Mechanism of action of the ribopyranoside benzimidazole GW275175X against human cytomegalovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(5): 1647–51.
39. Goldner T, Hewlett G, Ettischer N, RuebsamenSchaeff H, Zimmermann H, Lischka P. The novel anticytomegalovirus compound AIC246 (Letermovir) inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication through a specific antiviral mechanism that involves the viral terminase. J Virol. 2011;85(20): 10884–93. doi: 10.1128/JVI.05265-11.
40. Lischka P, Michel D, Zimmermann H. Characterization of Cytomegalovirus Breakthrough Events in a Phase 2 Prophylaxis Trial of Letermovir (AIC246, MK 8228). J Infect Dis. 2016;213(1): 23–30. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv352.
41. Chou S. Comparison of Cytomegalovirus Terminase Gene Mutations Selected after Exposure to Three Distinct Inhibitor Compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(11): e01325–17. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01325-17.
42. Ussery FM 3rd, Gibson SR, Conklin RH, Piot DF, Stool EW, Conklin AJ. Intravitreal ganciclovir in the treatment of AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(5): 640–8.
43. Raciborska A, Ussowicz M, Prost M, Bilska K, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Rychlowska-Pruszynska M. Effective treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis and neuritis with retrobulbar ganciclovir after treosulfanbased autologous bone marrow transplant. Klin Oczna. 2015;117(2): 101–3.
44. Lam TT, Fu J, Chu R, Stojack K, Siew E, Tso MO. Intravitreal delivery of ganciclovir in rabbits by transscleral iontophoresis. J Ocul Pharmacol. 1994;10(3): 571–5.
45. Henry K, Cantrill H, Fletcher C, Chinnock BJ, Balfour HH Jr.Use of intravitreal ganciclovir (dihydroxy propoxymethyl guanine) for cytomegalovirus retinitis in a patient with AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103(1): 17–23.
46. Geng S, Ye JJ, Liu LQ, Xu HY, Wang WW, Wang SR. Diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases associated with HIV infection and AIDS. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2009;45(12): 1093–98.
47. Miao H, Tao Y, Jiang YR, Li XX. Multiple intravitreal injections of ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis after stem-cell transplantation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251(7): 1829–33. doi: 10.1007/s00417-013-2368-6.
48. Teoh SC, Ou X, Lim TH. Intravitreal ganciclovir maintenance injection for cytomegalovirus retinitis: efficacy of a low-volume, intermediate-dose regimen. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(3): 588–95. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.09.004.
49. Arevalo JF, Garcia RA, Mendoza AJ. High-dose (5000-microg) intravitreal ganciclovir combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients in Venezuela. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2005;15(5): 610–8.
50. Diaz-Llopis M, Espana E, Munoz G, Navea A, Chipont E, Cano J, Menezo JL, Romero FJ. High dose intravitreal foscarnet in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78(2): 120–4.
51. Tognon MS, Turrini B, Masiero G, Scaggiante R, Cadrobbi P, Baldanti F, Gerna G, Secchi AG. Intravitreal and systemic foscarnet in the treatment of AIDS-related CMV retinitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1996;6(2): 179–82.
52. Jeon S, Lee WK, Lee Y, Lee DG, Lee JW. Risk factors for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with cytomegalovirus viremia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(9): 1892–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.03.032.
53. Vishnevskia-Dai V, Shapira Y, Rahav G, Shimoni A, Somech R, Moisseiev J. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-negative patients: a practical management approach. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(4): 866–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.11.010.
54. Ausayakhun S, Watananikorn S, Ngamtiphakorn S, Prasitsilp J. Intravitreal foscarnet for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88(1): 103–7.
55. Guembel HO, Hofmann F, van Even G, Cinatl J, Makabe R. Therapy with a combination of intravitreal foscarnet and intravenous ganciclovir in clinically resistant cytomegalovirus retinitis and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ger J Ophthalmol. 1996;5(6): 490–1.
56. Kirsch LS, Arevalo JF, Chavez de la Paz E, Munguia D, de Clercq E, Freeman WR. Intravitreal cidofovir (HPMPC) treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(4): 533–42.
57. Rahhal FM, Arevalo JF, Munguia D, Taskintuna I, Chavez de la Paz E, Azen SP, Freeman WR. Intravitreal cidofovir for the maintenance treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(7): 1078–83.
58. Kersten AJ, Althaus C, Best J, Sundmacher R. Cystoid macular edema following immune recovery and treatment with cidofovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1999;237(11): 893–6.
59. Taskintuna I, Rahhal FM, Arevalo JF, Munguia D, Banker AS, De Clercq E, Freeman WR. Lowdose intravitreal cidofovir (HPMPC) therapy of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(6): 1049–57.
60. Orr RM. Technology evaluation: fomivirsen, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc/CIBA vision. Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2001;3(3): 288–94.
61. Perry CM, Balfour JA. Fomivirsen. Drugs. 1999;57(3): 375–80.
62. Vitravene Study Group. A randomized controlled clinical trial of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of newly diagnosed peripheral cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(4): 467–74.
63. Vitravene Study Group. Randomized dosecomparison studies of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis that has reactivated or is persistently active despite other therapies in patients with AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(4): 475–83.
64. Vitravene Study Group. Safety of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(4): 484–98.
65. Shah SS, Denham LV, Elison JR, Bhattacharjee PS, Clement C, Huq T, Hill JM. Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye for pharmacologic therapy. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2010;5(1): 75–93.
66. Diaz-Llopis M, Martos MJ, Espana E, Cervera M, Vila AO, Navea A, Molina FJ, Romero FJ. Liposomallyentrapped ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients. Eperimental toxicity and pharmacokinetics, and clinical trial. Doc Ophthalmol. 1992;82(4): 297–305.
67. Duvvuri S, Janoria KG, Pal D, Mitra AK. Controlled delivery of ganciclovir to the retina with drug-loaded Poly(d,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres dispersed in PLGA-PEG-PLGA Gel: a novel intravitreal delivery system for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2007;23(3): 264–74.
68. Claro C, Ruiz R, Cordero E, Pastor MT, Lopez-Cortes LF, Jimenez-Castellanos M, Lucero M. Determination and pharmacokinetic profile of liposomal foscarnet in rabbit ocular tissues after intravitreal administration. Exp Eye Res. 2009;88(3): 528–34. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.015.
69. Sanborn GE, Anand R, Torti RE, Nightingale SD, Cal SX, Yates B, Ashton P, Smith T. Sustained-release ganciclovir therapy for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Use of an intravitreal device. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(2): 188–95.
70. Smith TJ, Pearson PA, Blandford DL, Brown JD, Goins KA, Hollins JL, Schmeisser ET, Glavinos P, Baldwin LB, Ashton P. Intravitreal sustainedrelease ganciclovir. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(2): 255–8.
71. Martin DF, Parks DJ, Mellow SD, Ferris FL, Walton RC, Remaley NA, Chew EY, Ashton P, Davis MD, Nussenblatt RB. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with an intraocular sustained-release ganciclovir implant. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112(12): 1531–9.
72. Cadman J. Ganciclovir implants: one year later. GMHC Treat Issues. 1997;11(4/5): 3–6.
73. Heslop HE, Ng CY, Li C, Smith CA, Loftin SK, Krance RA, Brenner MK, Rooney CM. Long-term restoration of immunity against Epstein-Barr virus infection by adoptive transfer of gene-modified virusspecific T lymphocytes. Nat Med. 1996;2(5): 551–5.
74. Blagov SL, Shelikhova LN, Osipova EY, Kiseleva VV, Kazachenok AS, Shekhovtsova ZB, Bogoyavlenskaya AA, Novichkova GA, Maschan AA, Maschan MA. Low dose donor memory T-cell infusion after TCR alpha/ beta depleted stem cell transplantation for patients with malignant disorders. Pediatric Hematology/ Oncology and Immunopathology. 2018;17(2): 9–20 (In Russ.).
75. Maschan M, Blagov S, Shelikhova L, Shekhovtsova Z, Balashov D, Starichkova J, Kurnikova E, Boyakova E, Muzalevskii Y, Kazachenok A, Trakhtman P, Osipova E, Khripkova N, Zhogov V, Novichkova G, Maschan A. Low-dose donor memory T-cell infusion after TCR alpha/beta depleted unrelated and haploidentical transplantation: results of a pilot trial. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2018;53(3): 264–73. doi: 10.1038/s41409017-0035-y.
76. Borucki MJ, Spritzler J, Asmuth DM, Gnann J, Hirsch MS, Nokta M, Aweeka F, Nadler PI, Sattler F, Alston B, Nevin TT, Owens S, Waterman K, Hubbard L, Caliendo A, Pollard RB; AACTG 266 Team. A phase II, doublemasked, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of a human monoclonal anti-Cytomegalovirus antibody (MSL-109) in combination with standard therapy versus standard therapy alone in the treatment of AIDS patients with Cytomegalovirus retinitis. Antiviral Res. 2004;64(2): 103–11.
77. Jabs DA, Gilpin AM, Min YI, Erice A, Kempen JH, Quinn TC; Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group. HIV and cytomegalovirus viral load and clinical outcomes in AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis patients: Monoclonal Antibody Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Trial. AIDS. 2002;16(6): 877–87.
78. Reed EC, Bowden RA, Dandliker PS, Lilleby KE, Meyers JD. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia with ganciclovir and intravenous cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin in patients with bone marrow transplants. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109(10): 783–8.
Fyodorov Journal of Ophthalmic Surgery. 2019; : 92-99
Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis
https://doi.org/10.25276/0235-4160-2019-3-92-99Abstract
Cytomegalovirus retinitis is an inflammatory necrotic disease of the retina that can have a rapidly progressing course. Patients suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and recipients of organs or hematopoietic stem cells are most susceptible to this disease. This review of the literature describes the systemic and local methods of antiviral treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis, describes in detail the characteristics of the drugs used and describes the results of research aimed at their improvement. Also this review provides information about immunotherapy of cytomegalovirus retinitis.
References
1. Converse PJ, Fehniger TE, Ehrnst A, Strannegard O, Britton S. Immune responses to fractionated cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens after HIV infection. Loss of cellular and humoral reactivity to antigens recognized by HIV-, CMV+ individuals. Clin Exp Immunol. 1990;82(3): 559–66.
2. Heiden D, Saranchuk P. CMV retinitis in China and SE Asia: the way forward. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;24;11: 327. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-327.
3. Shi Y, Lu H, He T, Yang Y, Liu L, Zhang R, et al. Prevalence and clinical management of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients in Shanghai, China. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;24;11: 326. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-326.
4. Kim T, Lee YM, Lee SO, Choi SH, Kim YS, Woo JH, et al. Differences of cytomegalovirus diseases between kidney and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients during preemptive therapy. Korean J Intern Med. 2016;31(5): 961–70. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2015.079.
5. Crippa F, Corey L, Chuang EL, Sale G, Boeckh M. Virological, clinical, and ophthalmologic features of cytomegalovirus retinitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;15;32(2): 214–19.
6. Voigt S, Michel D, Kershaw O, Kuhl JS, Mertens T, Ebell W, Meisel H. Fatal reactivation of postnatal cytomegalovirus infection with rapid emergence of ganciclovir resistance in an infant after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;Jul;43(7): 3551–4.
7. Guex-Crosier Y, Telenti A. An epidemic of blindness: a consequence of improved HIV care? Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(3): 181.
8. Holland GN. AIDS and ophthalmology: the first quarter century. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;Mar;145(3): 397–408. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.12.001.
9. Port AD, Orlin A, Kiss S, Patel S, D’Amico DJ, Gupta MP. Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: A Review. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017;May;33(4): 224–34. doi:10.1089/jop.2016.0140.
10. Crumpacker CS. Ganciclovir. N Engl J Med. 1996;Sep;5;335(10): 721–9.
11. Pepose JS, Newman C, Bach MC, Quinn TC, Ambinder RF, Holland GN, et al. Pathologic features of cytomegalovirus retinopathy after treatment with the antiviral agent ganciclovir. Ophthalmology. 1987;94(4): 414–24.
12. D’Amico DJ, Talamo JH, Felsenstein D, Hirsch MS, Albert DM, Schooley RT. Ophthalmoscopic and histologic findings in cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with BW-B759U. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104(12): 1788–93.
13. Felsenstein D, D’Amico DJ, Hirsch MS, Neumeyer DA, Cederberg DM, de Miranda P, Schooley RT. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with 9-[2-hydroxy-1(hydroxymethyl)ethoxymethyl]guanine. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103(3): 377–80.
14. Jacobson MA, O’Donnell JJ, Brodie HR, Wofsy C, Mills J. Randomized prospective trial of ganciclovir maintenance therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Med Virol. 1988;25(3): 339–49.
15. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis: the FoscarnetGanciclovir Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Trial. The Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS (SOCA) Research Group in Collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG). Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124(1): 61–70.
16. Eid AJ, Bakri SJ, Kijpittayarit S, Razonable RR. Clinical features and outcomes of cytomegalovirus retinitis after transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2008;10(1): 13–8.
17. Jabs DA, Van Natta ML, Kempen JH, Reed Pavan P, Lim JI, Murphy RL, Hubbard LD. Characteristics of patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(1): 48–61.
18. Luckie AP. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS: current status. Med J Aust. 1995;163(9): 489– 92.
19. Drew WL, Ives D, Lalezari JP, Crumpacker C, Follansbee SE, et al. Oral ganciclovir as maintenance treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Syntex Cooperative Oral Ganciclovir Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(10): 615–20.
20. Martin DF, Sierra-Madero J, Walmsley S, Wolitz RA, Macey K, Georgiou P, Robinson CA, Stempien MJ; Valganciclovir Study Group. A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(15): 1119–26.
21. Cunha-Vaz J. The Blood-Retinal Barrier in the Management of Retinal Disease: EURETINA Award Lecture. Ophthalmologica. 2017;237(1): 1–10. doi: 10.1159/000455809.
22. Baldanti F, Simoncini L, Sarasini A, Zavattoni M, Grossi P, Revello MG, Gerna G. Ganciclovir resistance as a result of oral ganciclovir in a heart transplant recipient with multiple human cytomegalovirus strains in blood. Transplantation. 1998;66(3): 324–9.
23. Jacobson MA, O’Donnell JJ. Approaches to the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis: ganciclovir and foscarnet. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1991;4;Suppl 1: S11–5.
24. Palestine AG, Polis MA, De Smet MD, Baird BF, Falloon J, Kovacs JA, Davey RT, Zurlo JJ, Zunich KM, Davis M. A randomized, controlled trial of foscarnet in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115(9): 665–73.
25. Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group; AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Mortality in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with either foscarnet or ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(4): 213–20.
26. Hoffman VF, Skiest DJ. Therapeutic developments in cytomegalovirus retinitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2000 Feb;9(2): 207–20.
27. Lalezari JP, Stagg RJ, Kuppermann BD, Holland GN, Kramer F, Ives DV, Youle M, Robinson MR, Drew WL, Jaffe HS. Intravenous cidofovir for peripheral cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(4): 257–63.
28. Biron KK. Antiviral drugs for cytomegalovirus diseases. Antiviral Res. 2006;71(2–3): 154–63.
29. Koike A, Naruse T, Kanemitsu T, Hibino K, Yamamoto S. Studies on metastases of papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid in relation to surgical treatment (author’s transl). Nihon Gan Chiryo Gakkai Shi. 1977;12(2): 133–8.
30. Jabs DA, Martin BK, Forman MS, Hubbard L, Dunn JP, Kempen JH, Davis JL, Weinberg DV. Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group. Cytomegalovirus resistance to ganciclovir and clinical outcomes of patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(1): 26–34.
31. Jabs DA, Enger C, Dunn JP, Forman M. Cytomegalovirus retinitis and viral resistance: ganciclovir resistance. CMV Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group. J Infect Dis. 1998;177(3): 770–3.
32. Jabs DA, Enger C, Forman M, Dunn JP. Incidence of foscarnet resistance and cidofovir resistance in patients treated for cytomegalovirus retinitis. The Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42(9): 2240–4.
33. Drew WL, Miner RC, Marousek GI, Chou S. Maribavir sensitivity of cytomegalovirus isolates resistant to ganciclovir, cidofovir or foscarnet. J Clin Virol. 2006;37(2): 124–7.
34. Biron KK, Harvey RJ, Chamberlain SC, Good SS, Smith AA 3rd, Davis MG, et al. Potent and selective inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by 1263W94, a benzimidazole L-riboside with a unique mode of action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;Aug;46(8): 2365–72.
35. Williams SL, Hartline CB, Kushner NL, Harden EA, Bidanset DJ, Drach JC, Townsend LB, Underwood MR, Biron KK, Kern ER. In vitro activities of benzimidazole Dand L-ribonucleosides against herpesviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47(7): 2186–92.
36. Winston DJ, Saliba F, Blumberg E, Abouljoud M, Garcia-Diaz JB, Goss JA, Clough L, Avery R, Limaye AP, Ericzon BG, Navasa M, Troisi RI, Chen H, Villano SA, Uknis ME; 1263–301 Clinical Study Group. Efficacy and safety of maribavir dosed at 100 mg orally twice daily for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant recipients: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter controlled trial. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(11): 3021– 30. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04231.x.
37. Buerger I, Reefschlaeger J, Bender W, Eckenberg P, Popp A, Weber O, Graeper S, Klenk HD, RuebsamenWaigmann H, Hallenberger S. A novel nonnucleoside inhibitor specifically targets cytomegalovirus DNA maturation via the UL89 and UL56 gene products. J Virol. 2001;75(19): 9077–86.
38. Underwood MR, Ferris RG, Selleseth DW, Davis MG, Drach JC, Townsend LB, Biron KK, Boyd FL. Mechanism of action of the ribopyranoside benzimidazole GW275175X against human cytomegalovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(5): 1647–51.
39. Goldner T, Hewlett G, Ettischer N, RuebsamenSchaeff H, Zimmermann H, Lischka P. The novel anticytomegalovirus compound AIC246 (Letermovir) inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication through a specific antiviral mechanism that involves the viral terminase. J Virol. 2011;85(20): 10884–93. doi: 10.1128/JVI.05265-11.
40. Lischka P, Michel D, Zimmermann H. Characterization of Cytomegalovirus Breakthrough Events in a Phase 2 Prophylaxis Trial of Letermovir (AIC246, MK 8228). J Infect Dis. 2016;213(1): 23–30. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv352.
41. Chou S. Comparison of Cytomegalovirus Terminase Gene Mutations Selected after Exposure to Three Distinct Inhibitor Compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(11): e01325–17. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01325-17.
42. Ussery FM 3rd, Gibson SR, Conklin RH, Piot DF, Stool EW, Conklin AJ. Intravitreal ganciclovir in the treatment of AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(5): 640–8.
43. Raciborska A, Ussowicz M, Prost M, Bilska K, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Rychlowska-Pruszynska M. Effective treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis and neuritis with retrobulbar ganciclovir after treosulfanbased autologous bone marrow transplant. Klin Oczna. 2015;117(2): 101–3.
44. Lam TT, Fu J, Chu R, Stojack K, Siew E, Tso MO. Intravitreal delivery of ganciclovir in rabbits by transscleral iontophoresis. J Ocul Pharmacol. 1994;10(3): 571–5.
45. Henry K, Cantrill H, Fletcher C, Chinnock BJ, Balfour HH Jr.Use of intravitreal ganciclovir (dihydroxy propoxymethyl guanine) for cytomegalovirus retinitis in a patient with AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103(1): 17–23.
46. Geng S, Ye JJ, Liu LQ, Xu HY, Wang WW, Wang SR. Diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases associated with HIV infection and AIDS. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2009;45(12): 1093–98.
47. Miao H, Tao Y, Jiang YR, Li XX. Multiple intravitreal injections of ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis after stem-cell transplantation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251(7): 1829–33. doi: 10.1007/s00417-013-2368-6.
48. Teoh SC, Ou X, Lim TH. Intravitreal ganciclovir maintenance injection for cytomegalovirus retinitis: efficacy of a low-volume, intermediate-dose regimen. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(3): 588–95. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.09.004.
49. Arevalo JF, Garcia RA, Mendoza AJ. High-dose (5000-microg) intravitreal ganciclovir combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients in Venezuela. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2005;15(5): 610–8.
50. Diaz-Llopis M, Espana E, Munoz G, Navea A, Chipont E, Cano J, Menezo JL, Romero FJ. High dose intravitreal foscarnet in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78(2): 120–4.
51. Tognon MS, Turrini B, Masiero G, Scaggiante R, Cadrobbi P, Baldanti F, Gerna G, Secchi AG. Intravitreal and systemic foscarnet in the treatment of AIDS-related CMV retinitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1996;6(2): 179–82.
52. Jeon S, Lee WK, Lee Y, Lee DG, Lee JW. Risk factors for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with cytomegalovirus viremia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(9): 1892–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.03.032.
53. Vishnevskia-Dai V, Shapira Y, Rahav G, Shimoni A, Somech R, Moisseiev J. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-negative patients: a practical management approach. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(4): 866–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.11.010.
54. Ausayakhun S, Watananikorn S, Ngamtiphakorn S, Prasitsilp J. Intravitreal foscarnet for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88(1): 103–7.
55. Guembel HO, Hofmann F, van Even G, Cinatl J, Makabe R. Therapy with a combination of intravitreal foscarnet and intravenous ganciclovir in clinically resistant cytomegalovirus retinitis and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ger J Ophthalmol. 1996;5(6): 490–1.
56. Kirsch LS, Arevalo JF, Chavez de la Paz E, Munguia D, de Clercq E, Freeman WR. Intravitreal cidofovir (HPMPC) treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(4): 533–42.
57. Rahhal FM, Arevalo JF, Munguia D, Taskintuna I, Chavez de la Paz E, Azen SP, Freeman WR. Intravitreal cidofovir for the maintenance treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(7): 1078–83.
58. Kersten AJ, Althaus C, Best J, Sundmacher R. Cystoid macular edema following immune recovery and treatment with cidofovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1999;237(11): 893–6.
59. Taskintuna I, Rahhal FM, Arevalo JF, Munguia D, Banker AS, De Clercq E, Freeman WR. Lowdose intravitreal cidofovir (HPMPC) therapy of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(6): 1049–57.
60. Orr RM. Technology evaluation: fomivirsen, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc/CIBA vision. Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2001;3(3): 288–94.
61. Perry CM, Balfour JA. Fomivirsen. Drugs. 1999;57(3): 375–80.
62. Vitravene Study Group. A randomized controlled clinical trial of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of newly diagnosed peripheral cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(4): 467–74.
63. Vitravene Study Group. Randomized dosecomparison studies of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis that has reactivated or is persistently active despite other therapies in patients with AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(4): 475–83.
64. Vitravene Study Group. Safety of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(4): 484–98.
65. Shah SS, Denham LV, Elison JR, Bhattacharjee PS, Clement C, Huq T, Hill JM. Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye for pharmacologic therapy. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2010;5(1): 75–93.
66. Diaz-Llopis M, Martos MJ, Espana E, Cervera M, Vila AO, Navea A, Molina FJ, Romero FJ. Liposomallyentrapped ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients. Eperimental toxicity and pharmacokinetics, and clinical trial. Doc Ophthalmol. 1992;82(4): 297–305.
67. Duvvuri S, Janoria KG, Pal D, Mitra AK. Controlled delivery of ganciclovir to the retina with drug-loaded Poly(d,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres dispersed in PLGA-PEG-PLGA Gel: a novel intravitreal delivery system for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2007;23(3): 264–74.
68. Claro C, Ruiz R, Cordero E, Pastor MT, Lopez-Cortes LF, Jimenez-Castellanos M, Lucero M. Determination and pharmacokinetic profile of liposomal foscarnet in rabbit ocular tissues after intravitreal administration. Exp Eye Res. 2009;88(3): 528–34. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.015.
69. Sanborn GE, Anand R, Torti RE, Nightingale SD, Cal SX, Yates B, Ashton P, Smith T. Sustained-release ganciclovir therapy for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Use of an intravitreal device. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(2): 188–95.
70. Smith TJ, Pearson PA, Blandford DL, Brown JD, Goins KA, Hollins JL, Schmeisser ET, Glavinos P, Baldwin LB, Ashton P. Intravitreal sustainedrelease ganciclovir. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(2): 255–8.
71. Martin DF, Parks DJ, Mellow SD, Ferris FL, Walton RC, Remaley NA, Chew EY, Ashton P, Davis MD, Nussenblatt RB. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with an intraocular sustained-release ganciclovir implant. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112(12): 1531–9.
72. Cadman J. Ganciclovir implants: one year later. GMHC Treat Issues. 1997;11(4/5): 3–6.
73. Heslop HE, Ng CY, Li C, Smith CA, Loftin SK, Krance RA, Brenner MK, Rooney CM. Long-term restoration of immunity against Epstein-Barr virus infection by adoptive transfer of gene-modified virusspecific T lymphocytes. Nat Med. 1996;2(5): 551–5.
74. Blagov SL, Shelikhova LN, Osipova EY, Kiseleva VV, Kazachenok AS, Shekhovtsova ZB, Bogoyavlenskaya AA, Novichkova GA, Maschan AA, Maschan MA. Low dose donor memory T-cell infusion after TCR alpha/ beta depleted stem cell transplantation for patients with malignant disorders. Pediatric Hematology/ Oncology and Immunopathology. 2018;17(2): 9–20 (In Russ.).
75. Maschan M, Blagov S, Shelikhova L, Shekhovtsova Z, Balashov D, Starichkova J, Kurnikova E, Boyakova E, Muzalevskii Y, Kazachenok A, Trakhtman P, Osipova E, Khripkova N, Zhogov V, Novichkova G, Maschan A. Low-dose donor memory T-cell infusion after TCR alpha/beta depleted unrelated and haploidentical transplantation: results of a pilot trial. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2018;53(3): 264–73. doi: 10.1038/s41409017-0035-y.
76. Borucki MJ, Spritzler J, Asmuth DM, Gnann J, Hirsch MS, Nokta M, Aweeka F, Nadler PI, Sattler F, Alston B, Nevin TT, Owens S, Waterman K, Hubbard L, Caliendo A, Pollard RB; AACTG 266 Team. A phase II, doublemasked, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of a human monoclonal anti-Cytomegalovirus antibody (MSL-109) in combination with standard therapy versus standard therapy alone in the treatment of AIDS patients with Cytomegalovirus retinitis. Antiviral Res. 2004;64(2): 103–11.
77. Jabs DA, Gilpin AM, Min YI, Erice A, Kempen JH, Quinn TC; Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group. HIV and cytomegalovirus viral load and clinical outcomes in AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis patients: Monoclonal Antibody Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Trial. AIDS. 2002;16(6): 877–87.
78. Reed EC, Bowden RA, Dandliker PS, Lilleby KE, Meyers JD. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia with ganciclovir and intravenous cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin in patients with bone marrow transplants. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109(10): 783–8.
