Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2021; 98: 104-112
Аллергенсодержащие вакцины для специфической иммунотерапии
https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-11Аннотация
Аллергенспецифическую иммунотерапию (АСИТ) используют более 100 лет для лечения пациентов с IgE-опосредованными аллергическими заболеваниями. В последние два десятилетия наиболее распространённые лечебные аллергены были получены с помощью технологии молекулярного клонирования. Для повышения безопасности иммунотерапии создана большая группа генетически модифицированных аллергенов со сниженной аллергенной активностью. Механизм действия данных лечебных аллергенов отличается от такового природных экстрактов аллергенов, и необходимы дополнительные исследования, чтобы понять, как происходит десенсибилизация в каждом случае.
Целью обзора является ознакомление читателей с новыми лечебными аллергенсодержащими вакцинами, особенностями их структурной модификации и иммунологическим воздействием на организм.
Мы провели анализ и систематизацию представленных в литературе экспериментальных разработок по основным направлениям создания новых вакцин от аллергии: гипоаллергенных производных рекомбинантных аллергенов, вакцин, содержащих антигены с Т-эпитопами, и вакцин, содержащих антигены с В-эпитопами, ДНК-вакцин. Нам удалось выявить сильные и слабые стороны основных направлений модификации рекомбинантных аллергенов. Все представленные в обзоре аллергенсодержащие вакцины решают поставленные исследователями задачи: в экспериментальных моделях на животных они формируют иммуногенность или толерантность, в клинических испытаниях снижают симптомы аллергических реакций. Оценка эффективности предлагаемых вакцин довольно высока, но требуются их дальнейшие доклинические и клинические испытания для подтверждения безопасности и безвредности.
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Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology. 2021; 98: 104-112
Allergy vaccines for specific immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-11Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) has been used for more than a hundred years to treat patients with IgEmediated allergic diseases. The most common allergens have been obtained using molecular cloning technology in the past two decades. To increase the safety of immunotherapy, a large group of genetically modified allergens with reduced allergenic activity was created. The mechanism of action of these therapeutic allergens differs from natural allergen extracts, and more research is needed to understand how desensitization occurs in each case. The objective of this review is to introduce readers to new therapeutic allergy vaccines and their structural modification features as well as immunological effects on the body. To achieve this objective, we have analyzed and systematized the experimental developments presented in the literature on the main directions of creating new allergy vaccines: hypoallergenic derivatives of recombinant allergens, T cell epitope-based allergy vaccines and B cell epitope-based allergy vaccines, DNA vaccines.
Summing up the results of the research presented in the literature, it is necessary to note the high heterogeneity of designs used to achieve the high efficiency of the developed therapeutic allergens. All allergy vaccines presented in the review solve the tasks set by the researchers: in experimental animal models they induce immunogenicity or tolerance, in clinical trials they reduce the symptoms of allergic reactions. The the effectiveness of the proposed medicinal products is quite high but its evaluation requires further long-term preclinical and clinical trials to confirm the safety and harmlessness of the created allergy vaccines.
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