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Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2016; : 116-125

ЛИХОРАДКА ЭБОЛА

Маркин В. А., Пантюхов В. Б.

https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2016-6-116-125

Аннотация

Рассмотрены вопросы этиологии, таксономии и номенклатуры филовирусов, эпидемиологии, заболеваемости мало известного отечественным медикам особо опасного экзотического инфекционного заболевания - лихорадки Эбола. Выявлены отличительные особенности эпидемии 2013 - 2015 гг. в Западной Африке - наряду с беспрецедентно долгой ее продолжительностью не происходило снижения, как в предыдущих вспышках, ни вирулентности возбудителя, ни контагиозное™ инфекции при многочисленных генерациях от человека к человеку. Анализ данных литературы позволил предположить, что в процессе формирования эпидочага вирус Эбола изменяет свои свойства и циклически проходит последовательно несколько взаимосвязанных фаз: исходную фазу резервации в неизвестных экосистемах - животных, либо растительных, почвенных или водных; промежуточную фазу эпидемического распространения с первоначальным приобретением высокой вирулентности для людей, а затем ее снижения; завершающую фазу скрытной циркуляции апатогенного для людей возбудителя. Эта гипотетическая цепь естественных фазовых переходов вируса Эбола позволяет объяснить и увязать воедино феноменологию этого возбудителя - быстрое падение вирулентности и контагиозное™ для человека в очагах в динамике эпидемических вспышек, весьма высокую иммунную прослойку населения в нозоареале возбудителя в Африке, противоречащую сложившемуся представлению о его высокой летальности для человека.

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Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology. 2016; : 116-125

EBOLA FEVER

Markin V. A., Pantyukhov V. B.

https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2016-6-116-125

Abstract

Problems of etiology, taxonomy and nomenclature of filoviruses, epidemiology, morbidity with a little-known by Russian medics especially dangerous exotic infectious disease - Ebola fever are examined. Significant distinguishing features of 2013 - 2015 epidemic in West Africa were detected - along with its unprecedented length, a decline did not take place as in previous outbreaks, neither causative agent virulence, nor infectivity of the infection during multiple generations from human to human. Literature data analysis allowed to assume that in the process of epidemic focus formation Ebola virus changes its properties and cyclically passes through several successive interconnected phases: an initial reservation phase in unknown ecosystems - animals, either plant, soil or water; intermediate phase of epidemic spread with primary acquisition of high virulence for humans, and then its decline; final stage of hidden circulation of causative agent that is ap-athogenic for humans. This hypothetical chain of natural phases’ transitions of Ebola virus allows to explain and link together phenomenology of this causative agent - rapid fall of virulence and infectivity for humans in foci in dynamics of epidemic outbreaks, quite a high population immunity in nosoareal of the causative agent in Africa, that contradicts the established understanding of its high lethality for humans.

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