Морской гидрофизический журнал. 2020; 36: 646-675
Воздействие мезомасштабной вихревой динамики на биопродуктивность морских экосистем (обзор)
https://doi.org/10.22449/0233-7584-2020-6-646-675Аннотация
Рассмотрены разные типы мезомасштабной вихревой динамики с точки зрения их влияния на количество и таксономическую структуру планктона, в основном фитопланктона. Вихревые структуры всех видов, включая циклонические, антициклонические, линзовидные антициклонические и фронтальные вихри, а также дипольные структуры активно воздействуют на планктон. Рассмотрены теоретические схемы механизмов воздействия, которые проиллюстрированы примерами такого влияния на планктон Черного моря. Анализ отклика морского планктона на вихревую динамику и проведенный обзор литературы однозначно свидетельствуют о важной роли мезомасштабных вихрей в формировании биологической продуктивности в морях и океанах. Вихревая динамика всех без исключения типов способна обогащать планктоном как минимум часть занимаемой акватории. Так, циклонический вихрь создает в своем ядре подъем (куполообразный изгиб) изопикн как в термоклине, так и пикно-халоклине, поднимая нитроклин, что способствует повышению биопродуктивности. В свою очередь, в ядре антициклонического вихря имеет место опускание (прогиб) термоклина и пикно-халоклина, что негативно сказывается на биопродуктивности. При этом на периферии вихря происходит подъем изопикн, что, напротив, способствует увеличению первичной продукции. В отличие от обычного антициклона линзообразный вихрь создает подъем вод выше горизонта максимальной скорости, то есть часто в своей верхней части действует как циклон. Таким образом, в любом круговороте есть участки, где происходит подъем термоклина к поверхности и, следовательно, создаются предпосылки для увеличения биопродуктивности. Сильные ветры не только усиливают воздействие вихрей на биоту, но могут значительно менять характер этого воздействия. Существенно, что долгоживущие вихри меняют механизмы воздействия в зависимости от стадии эволюции. Наконец, вихревые структуры часто способствуют смене доминирующих видов фитопланктона, что может изменять существенным образом поток органического вещества на дно и влиять на глобальный цикл углерода.
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Morskoy Gidrofizicheskiy Zhurnal. 2020; 36: 646-675
Effect of Mesoscale Eddy Dynamics on Bioproductivity of the Marine Ecosystems (Review)
https://doi.org/10.22449/0233-7584-2020-6-646-675Abstract
Different types of mesoscale eddy dynamics are considered in the paper from the viewpoint of their effect on the plankton (mainly phytoplankton) amount and its taxonomic structure. The eddy structures of all types, including cyclonic, anticyclonic, water-body anticyclonic and frontal ones, as well as the dipole structures, actively affect plankton. Theoretical schemes of the influencing mechanisms, which are illustrated by the examples of such an impact on the plankton in the Black Sea, are examined. The analyzed responses of the marine plankton ecosystems to the eddy dynamics and the scientific literature review unambiguously testify the important role of these processes in formation of biological productivity in the seas and oceans. Thus, a cyclonic eddy forms the isopycn rise (a domelike bend) in its core both in the thermocline and in the pycno-halocline that elevates nitrocline; it promotes bioproductivity increase. Whereas in the anticyclonic eddy core, the thermocline and pycno-halocline lowering (deflection) takes place; it negatively affects bioproductivity. At that, the isopycn rise occurs at the eddy periphery that, on the contrary, contributes to increase in primary production. In contrast to a conventional anticyclone, a lens-like eddy forms the water rise exceeding the maximum velocity horizon, in other words, in its upper part it often acts like a cyclone. Thus, in any gyre there are the areas where the thermocline rises to the surface and, therefore, the prerequisites for the bioproductivity increase are formed. Strong winds not only enhance the affect of the eddies on biota, but can completely change the nature of this impact. When exposed to wind, the rate of entry of the biogenic elements to the photic layer in the cyclones can decrease, whereas in the lens-like anticyclones it can increase. The important point is that the long-living eddies change the influencing mech-anisms depending on the stage of their evolution. At last, the eddy structures often promote changing in the dominant phytoplankton species that can significantly alter the flow of organic matter to the bottom and affect the global carbon cycle.
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