Известия КазУМОиМЯ имени Абылай хана серия Межд. отн. и рег.. 2019; : 33-58
ПОНИМАНИЕ ОСОБЕННЫХ ПРОБЛЕМ И МЕТОДОВ РАЗВЕДЫВАТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Аннотация
Расход национальных ресурсов на все виды разведывательной деятельности и все более важная роль, которую играет разведывательное сообщество в формировании национальной безопасности и внешней политики, указывают на необходимость углубления нашего понимания особых проблем и методов разведывательной работы. Основными задачами разведывательного сообщества (РС) являются снижение неопределенности и предупреждение о потенциальных угрозах национальной безопасности государства-нации, безопасности его граждан и его интересов во всем мире. Сегодня цель национальной стратегии разведки многих крупных государств включает противодействие насильственному экстремизму, противодействие распространению оружия массового уничтожения, обеспечение разведывательной стратегии и предупреждения, интеграцию контрразведки, укрепление кибербезопасности и поддержку текущих действий. Многие государства выделяют значительную долю своего национального бюджета на национальную безопасность и свои разведывательные службы. Многие из этих бюджетов являются секретными, и некоторые государства дают оценку уровню национальной безопасности, но не указывают конкретную сумму, затраченную на разведку. Разведданные, полученные на основе информации, используются для влияния на ежедневное и долгосрочное принятие решений отдельными лицами, промышленностью, военными и правительствами [1]. Laqueur Walter утверждает, что разведывательные службы обеспечивают основу для знаний [2]. Они также должны всегда быть в состоянии предупреждать о надвигающихся кризисах и заранее выявлять возможные неожиданности, опасности, угрозы или нападения. Разведка - это одновременно и информация, и организованная система ее сбора и использования. Это и деятельность, и продукт этой деятельности [3]. (Подотчетность и надзор в разведывательном сообществе, этика, отношения со средствами массовой информации, обмен разведывательными данными и деятельность центров слияния- это лишь некоторые из проблем, с которыми сталкивается разведывательное сообщество. Эта дискуссия направлена на решение некоторых из этих проблем и на то, как они решаются правительствами и разведывательным сообществом.
Список литературы
1. Jensen, C. J., McElreath, D., Graves, M. Introduction to intelligence studies. – Routledge, 2018.
2. Laqueur, Walter. World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence. -London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson Twentieth Century Book, 1987.
3. Matey G. UNISCI / University of Salford. Intelligence Studies At The Dawn Of The 21st Century: New Possibilities And Resources For A Recent Topic In International Relations (2005) [El.resource]. Access vode: https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/media/www/pag-72533/Gustavo2.pdf. Retrieved 26.5.2019.
4. Shulsky A. N., Schmitt G. J. Silent warfare: Understanding the world of intelligence. - Washington: Potomac Books, Inc., 2009.
5. Lowenthal M. M. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. - Washington DC: CQ Press, 2002.
6. Hulnick A. S. What’s wrong with the Intelligence Cycle // Intelligence and National Security. - 2006. – N 21 (6) . – P. 959-979.
7. Odom W. E. Intelligence Analysis // Intelligence and National Security. - 2008. - N 23 (3). – P. 316-332.
8. Jackson P. J., Siegel, J. Intelligence and statecraft: The use and limits of intelligence in international society. - Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2005.
9. Russel R. L. Achieving all-source fusion in the Intelligence Community // In: L. K. Johnson (Ed.), Handbook of Intelligence Studies.- Lonson: Routledge, 2007. - P. 189-199.
10. Vitkauskas D. The Role of A Security Intelligence Service // In: A Democracy. 1999 [El resource]. – Access mode: https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/vitkauskas.pdf. Accessed 26.5.2019.
11. Gill P., Phythian M. Intelligence in an Insecure World. - Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006.
12. Warner M. The rise and fall of intelligence: An international security history. - Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2014.
13. Kupcikas K. The Importance of Intelligence to International Security. 2013 [El. recsource]. – Access mode: https://www.e-ir.info/2013/11/08/importance-of-intelligenceto-international-security/. Accessed 26.5.2019.
14. Gries D. A new look for intelligence // Intelligence and National Security. – 1995. - N 10:1. – P. 170-183.
15. Federation of American Scientists. Intelligence Budget Data [El. resource]. – Access mode:. https://fas.org/irp/budget/. Retrieved 26.5.2019.
16. Born H., Leigh,I. Democratic Accountability of Intelligence Services // Policy paper. - 2007.- No. 19 [El. resource]. Access mode: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/vigilant/pp19_born_leigh1.pdf. Accessed 26.5.2019.
17. United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions. the Home Department. UKHL 71 (8 December 2005). Cite as: [2006] 1 All ER 575, 19 BHRC 441, [2006] UKHRR 225, [2006] HRLR 6, [2006] 2 AC 221, [2005] UKHL 71, [2005] 3 WLR 1249 [El.resource]. – Access mode: http://ww.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/71.html . Accessed 26.5.2019.
18. United Kingdom (note 28), section 2(4); United Kingdom, Intelligence Service Act 1994, 26 May 1994 [El.resource]. Access mode: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/13/contents. Accessed 26.5.2019.
19. Caparini M. Media and the security sector oversight and account [El.resource].- file:///G:/paper%20Understanding%20the%20Special%20problems%20and%20methods%20of%20intelligence%20work/Media_and_the_security_sector_oversight_and_accoun.pdf. Accessed 26.5.19.
20. Ciulla J. B. Ethics and leadership effectiveness // In: J. Antonakis, A. T. Cianciolo, R. J. Sternberg (Eds.). The nature of leadership. - Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc., 2004. – P. 302-327.
21. Harpham, Geoffrey Galt. Shadows of Ethics: Criticism and the Just Society. - Duke University Press, 1999. - 282 p.
22. Donlevy, Walker. Working Through Ethics in Education and Leadership. - Duke University Press Books; 2011.
23. Coyne J., Bell P., Merrington S. Exploring Ethics in Intelligence and the Role of Leadership // International Journal of Business and Commerce. – 2013. - Vol. 2, No.10. – P. 27-37 [El.resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ijbcnet.com/2-10/IJBC-13-2905.pdf. Accessed 26.5.2019.
24. Bellaby R. Ethics of intelligence: A new framework.- Routledt, 2016.
25. Gill P. Securing the Globe: Intelligence and the Post-9/11 Shift from ‘Liddism’ to ‘Drainism’ // Intelligence and National Security. - 2004. – No 19 (3). – P. 467-489.
Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL, series Int. Rel and Reg.. 2019; : 33-58
UNDERSTANDING THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF INTELLIGENCE WORK
Abstract
The extensive allocation of national resources to all types of intelligence work and the increasingly important role played by the intelligence community in shaping national security and foreign policies point to the need for furthering our understanding of the special problems and methods of intelligence work. The primary missions of the intelligence community (IC) are to reduce uncertainty and provide warning about potential threats to the national security of the nation-state, the safety of its citizens, and its interests around the world. In many large states today, the national intelligence strategy objectives include countering violent extremism, countering weapons of mass destruction proliferation, providing strategic intelligence and warning, integrating counter-intelligence, enhancing cyber-security and supporting current operations. Many states allocate a significant percentage of their national budget to National Security and their intelligence services. Many of these budgets are secret and some states will provide an estimate for national security but not a specific amount for intelligence. Intelligence derived from information is used to influence daily and long-term decision making of individuals, industry, the military and governments [1]. Laqueur, Walter argues that Intelligence services provide the basis for knowledge [2]. They must also, at all times, be able to warn of impending crises and detect possible surprises, dangers, threats or attacks in advance. Intelligence is both information and an organized system for collecting and exploiting it. It is both an activity and a product of that activity [3]. Accountability and Oversight within the intelligence community, ethic, media relations, intelligence sharing and the operations of Fusion centres are just some of the challenges faced by the intelligence community. This discussion aims to address some of those challenges and how they are being addressed by the governments and the intelligence community.
References
1. Jensen, C. J., McElreath, D., Graves, M. Introduction to intelligence studies. – Routledge, 2018.
2. Laqueur, Walter. World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence. -London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson Twentieth Century Book, 1987.
3. Matey G. UNISCI / University of Salford. Intelligence Studies At The Dawn Of The 21st Century: New Possibilities And Resources For A Recent Topic In International Relations (2005) [El.resource]. Access vode: https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/media/www/pag-72533/Gustavo2.pdf. Retrieved 26.5.2019.
4. Shulsky A. N., Schmitt G. J. Silent warfare: Understanding the world of intelligence. - Washington: Potomac Books, Inc., 2009.
5. Lowenthal M. M. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. - Washington DC: CQ Press, 2002.
6. Hulnick A. S. What’s wrong with the Intelligence Cycle // Intelligence and National Security. - 2006. – N 21 (6) . – P. 959-979.
7. Odom W. E. Intelligence Analysis // Intelligence and National Security. - 2008. - N 23 (3). – P. 316-332.
8. Jackson P. J., Siegel, J. Intelligence and statecraft: The use and limits of intelligence in international society. - Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2005.
9. Russel R. L. Achieving all-source fusion in the Intelligence Community // In: L. K. Johnson (Ed.), Handbook of Intelligence Studies.- Lonson: Routledge, 2007. - P. 189-199.
10. Vitkauskas D. The Role of A Security Intelligence Service // In: A Democracy. 1999 [El resource]. – Access mode: https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/vitkauskas.pdf. Accessed 26.5.2019.
11. Gill P., Phythian M. Intelligence in an Insecure World. - Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006.
12. Warner M. The rise and fall of intelligence: An international security history. - Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2014.
13. Kupcikas K. The Importance of Intelligence to International Security. 2013 [El. recsource]. – Access mode: https://www.e-ir.info/2013/11/08/importance-of-intelligenceto-international-security/. Accessed 26.5.2019.
14. Gries D. A new look for intelligence // Intelligence and National Security. – 1995. - N 10:1. – P. 170-183.
15. Federation of American Scientists. Intelligence Budget Data [El. resource]. – Access mode:. https://fas.org/irp/budget/. Retrieved 26.5.2019.
16. Born H., Leigh,I. Democratic Accountability of Intelligence Services // Policy paper. - 2007.- No. 19 [El. resource]. Access mode: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/vigilant/pp19_born_leigh1.pdf. Accessed 26.5.2019.
17. United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions. the Home Department. UKHL 71 (8 December 2005). Cite as: [2006] 1 All ER 575, 19 BHRC 441, [2006] UKHRR 225, [2006] HRLR 6, [2006] 2 AC 221, [2005] UKHL 71, [2005] 3 WLR 1249 [El.resource]. – Access mode: http://ww.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/71.html . Accessed 26.5.2019.
18. United Kingdom (note 28), section 2(4); United Kingdom, Intelligence Service Act 1994, 26 May 1994 [El.resource]. Access mode: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/13/contents. Accessed 26.5.2019.
19. Caparini M. Media and the security sector oversight and account [El.resource].- file:///G:/paper%20Understanding%20the%20Special%20problems%20and%20methods%20of%20intelligence%20work/Media_and_the_security_sector_oversight_and_accoun.pdf. Accessed 26.5.19.
20. Ciulla J. B. Ethics and leadership effectiveness // In: J. Antonakis, A. T. Cianciolo, R. J. Sternberg (Eds.). The nature of leadership. - Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc., 2004. – P. 302-327.
21. Harpham, Geoffrey Galt. Shadows of Ethics: Criticism and the Just Society. - Duke University Press, 1999. - 282 p.
22. Donlevy, Walker. Working Through Ethics in Education and Leadership. - Duke University Press Books; 2011.
23. Coyne J., Bell P., Merrington S. Exploring Ethics in Intelligence and the Role of Leadership // International Journal of Business and Commerce. – 2013. - Vol. 2, No.10. – P. 27-37 [El.resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ijbcnet.com/2-10/IJBC-13-2905.pdf. Accessed 26.5.2019.
24. Bellaby R. Ethics of intelligence: A new framework.- Routledt, 2016.
25. Gill P. Securing the Globe: Intelligence and the Post-9/11 Shift from ‘Liddism’ to ‘Drainism’ // Intelligence and National Security. - 2004. – No 19 (3). – P. 467-489.
