Валеология: Здоровье, Болезнь, Выздоровление. 2020; : 28-34
РОЛЬ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ МЕТОДОВ ЭХОКАРДИОГРАФИИ ДЛЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ РАННЕЙ ДИСФУНКЦИИ МИОКАРДА У ЖЕНЩИН В МЕНОПАУЗАЛЬНОМ ПЕРИОДЕ
Аннотация
Представлен обзор современной литературы по взаимосвязи эхокардиографических особенностей у женщин в менопаузальном периоде и кардиоваскулярными событиями. Обсуждены формирование интереса к проблеме, клинические и эхокардиографические особенности дисфункции миокарда у женщин этой категории.
Список литературы
1. Вихляева Е. М. Климактерический синдром: Руководство по эндокринной гинекологии / Е. М. Вихляева; под ред. Е. М. Вихляевой. - М.: МИА, 2000. - С. 603-650.
2. Статистический сборник "Здоровье населения Республики Казахстан и деятельность организаций здравоохранения в 2017 г."
3. Nurses Health Study // Journal of Women's Health. — 2019.
4. Ведение женщин в пери- и постменопаузе: практические рекомендации / Под ред. В. П. Сметник, Л. М. Ильиной. – М., Ярославль : ООО «ИПК «Литера», 2010.
5. Cagnacci A., Cannoletta M., Palma F., et al. Menopausal symptoms and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in postmenopause // J. Climacteric 2012.
6. Groban L, Kitzman D. W. Diastolic function: a barometer for cardiovascular risk? Anesthesiology. (2010) 112:1303–6. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181da89e4
7. Kitzman D. W., Little W. C. Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction and prognosis. Circulation. (2012) 125:743–5. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.086843
8. Pfeffer M. A., Shah A. M., Borlaug B. A. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in perspective. Circ Res. (2019) 124:1598–617. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.313572
9. Gori M., Lam C. S. P., Gupta D. K., Santos A. B. S., Cheng S., Shah A. M., et al. Sex-specific cardiovascular structure and function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. (2014) 16: 535–42. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.67
10. Scantlebury D. C., Borlaug B. A. Why are women more likely than men to develop heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? Curr Opin Cardiol. (2011) 26: 562–8. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0b013e32834b7faf
11. Nagueh S. F. Left ventricular diastolic function: understanding pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prognosis with echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.10.038. [Epub ahead of print].
12. Nagueh S. F., Smiseth O. A., Appleton C. P., Byrd B. F. III, Dokainish H., Edvardsen T., et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the american society of echocardiography and the European association of cardiovascular imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. (2016) 17: 1321–60. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew082
13. Masoudi F. A., Havranek E. P., Smith G., Fish R. H., Steiner J. F., Ordin D. L., et al. Gender, age, and heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2003) 41: 217–23. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02696-7
14. Dunlay S. M., Roger V. L., Redfield M. M. Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol. (2017) 14:591–602. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.65
15. Pirmohamed A., Kitzman D. W., Maurer M. S. Heart failure in older adults: embracing complexity. J Geriatr Cardiol. (2016) 13:8–14. URL: http://jgc301.com/article/doi/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.01.020?pageType=en
16. Upadhya B., Taffet G. E., Cheng C. P., Kitzman D. W. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the elderly: scope of the problem. J Mol Cell Cardiol. (2015) 83: 73–87. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.02.025
17. Nagueh S. F. Left ventricular diastolic function: understanding pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prognosis with echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.10.038. [Epub ahead of print].
18. Appiah D., Schreiner P. J., Demerath E. W., Loehr L. R., Chang P. P., Folsom A. R. Association of age at menopause with incident heart failure: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. (2016) 5: e003769. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003769.
19. Ebong I. A., Watson K. E., Goff D. C., Bluemke D. A., Srikanthan P., Horwich T., et al. Age at menopause and incident heart failure. Menopause. (2014) 21:585–91. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000138.
20. Rahman I., Akesson A., Wolk A. Relationship between age at natural menopause and risk of heart failure. Menopause. (2015) 22:12–6. DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000261.
21. Jessup J. A., Wang H., MacNamara L. M., Presley T. D., Kim-Shapiro D. B., Zhang L., et al. Estrogen therapy, independent of timing, improves cardiac structure and function in oophorectomized mRen2.Lewis rats. Menopause. (2013) 20: 860–8. doi: 10.1097/GME.0b013e318280589a
22. Maslov P. Z., Kim J. K., Argulian E., Ahmadi A., Narula N., Singh M., et al. Is cardiac diastolic dysfunction a part of post-menopausal syndrome? JACC Heart Fail. (2019) 7: 192–203. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.12.018
23. Okura H., Takada Y., Yamabe A., Kubo T., Asawa K., Ozaki T., et al. Age- and gender-specific changes in the left ventricular relaxation: a Doppler echocardiographic study in healthy individuals. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. (2009) 2: 41–6. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.809087
24. Dalen H., Thorstensen A., Vatten L. J., Aase S. A., Stoylen A. Reference values and distribution of conventional echocardiographic Doppler measures and longitudinal tissue Doppler velocities in a population free from cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. (2010) 3: 614–22. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.926022
25. Borlaug B. A., Redfield M. M., Melenovsky V., Kane G. C., Karon B. L., Jacobsen S. J., et al. Longitudinal changes in left ventricular stiffness: a community-based study. Circ Heart Fail. (2013) 6: 944–52. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000383
26. Tadic M., Cuspidi C., Plein S., Belyavskiy E., Heinzel F., Galderisi M. Sex and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: from pathophysiology to clinical studies. J Clin Med. (2019) 8:E792. doi: 10.3390/jcm8060792
27. Duzenli M. A., Ozdemir K., Sokmen A., Gezginc K., Soylu A., Celik C., et al. The effects of hormone replacement therapy on myocardial performance in early postmenopausal women. Climacteric. (2010) 13: 157–70. doi: 10.3109/13697130902929567
28. Gokce M., Karahan B., Erdol C., Kasap H., Ozdemirci S. Left ventricular diastolic function assessment by tissue Doppler echocardiography in relation to hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with diastolic dysfunction. Am J Ther. (2003) 10: 104–11. doi: 10.1097/00045391-200303000-00005
29. Voutilainen S., Hippelainen M., Hulkko S., Karppinen K., Ventila M., Kupari M. Left ventricular diastolic function by Doppler echocardiography in relation to hormonal replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol. (1993) 71: 614–7. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90525-H
30. Aldrighi J. M. Alecrin I. N., Caldas M. A., Gebara O. C. E., Ramires J. A. F., Rosano G. M. C. Effects of estradiol on myocardial global performance index in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2004) 19: 282–92. doi: 10.1080/09513590400017464
31. Fak A. S., Erenus M., Tezcan H., Caymaz O., Oktay S., Oktay A. Effects of a single dose of oral estrogen on left ventricular diastolic function in hypertensive postmenopausal women with diastolic dysfunction. Fertil Steril. (2000) 73: 66–71. URL: http://openaccess.marmara.edu.tr/handle/11424/118892
32. Owan T. E., Hodge D. O., Herges R. M., Jacobsen S. J., Roger V. L., Redfield M. M. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 355: 251–259, 2006
33. Hulley S., Grady D., Bush T., Furberg C., Herrington D., Riggs B., Vittinghoff E. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen / Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 280: 605–613, 1998
34. Karjalainen A. H., Ruskoaho H., Vuolteenaho O., Heikkinen J. E., Bäckström A. C., Savolainen M. J., Kesäniemi Y. A. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on natriuretic peptides and blood pressure. Maturitas 47: 201–208, 2004
35. Kass D. A., Bronzwaer J. G., Paulus W. J. What mechanisms underlie diastolic dysfunction in heart failure? Circ Res 94: 1533–1542, 2004
36. Kawaguchi M., Hay I., Fetics B., Kass D. A. Combined ventricular systolic and arterial stiffening in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: implications for systolic and diastolic reserve limitations. Circulation 107: 714–720, 2003
37. Hall P. S., Nah G., Howard B. V., Lewis C. E., Allison M. A., Sarto G. E., et al. Reproductive factors and incidence of heart failure hospitalization in the women's health initiative. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2017) 69: 2517–26. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.557
38. Gokce M., Karahan B., Erdol C., Kasap H., Ozdemirci S. Left ventricular diastolic function assessment by tissue Doppler echocardiography in relation to hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with diastolic dysfunction. Am J Ther. (2003) 10: 104–11. doi: 10.1097/00045391-200303000-00005
39. Voutilainen S., Hippelainen M., Hulkko S., Karppinen K., Ventila M., Kupari M. Left ventricular diastolic function by Doppler echocardiography in relation to hormonal replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol. (1993) 71: 614–7. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90525-H
40. Aldrighi J. M., Alecrin I. N., Caldas M. A., Gebara O. C. E., Ramires J. A. F., Rosano G. M. C. Effects of estradiol on myocardial global performance index in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2004) 19: 282–92. doi: 10.1080/09513590400017464
41. Fak A. S., Erenus M., Tezcan H., Caymaz O., Oktay S., Oktay A. Effects of a single dose of oral estrogen on left ventricular diastolic function in hypertensive postmenopausal women with diastolic dysfunction. Fertil Steril. (2000) 73: 66–71. URL: http://openaccess.marmara.edu.tr/handle/11424/118892
42. Zhao Z., Wang H., Jessup J. A., Lindsey S. H., Chappell M. C., Groban L. Role of estrogen in diastolic dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. (2014) 306: H628–40. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00859.2013
43. Li S., Gupte A. A. The role of estrogen in cardiac metabolism and diastolic function. Methodist De Bakey Cardiovasc J. (2017) 13:4–8. doi: 10.14797/mdcj-13-1-4
44. Cameli M. 1, Mondillo S. 1, Galderisi M. 2, Mandoli G. E. 1, Ballo P. G. Ital Cardiol (Rome). 2017 Apr;18 (4): 253-269. doi: 10.1714/2683.27469.
45. Pathan F. 1, D'Elia N. 1, Nolan M. T. 1, Marwick T. H. 2, Negishi K. 3. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017 Jan; 30 (1): 59-70. e8. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.09.007. Epub 2016 Oct 27.
46. Zaidi A. 1, Knight D. S. 2, Augustine D. X. 3, Harkness A. 4, Oxborough D. 5. Echo Res Pract. 2020 Feb 27; 7 (1) : G19-G41. doi: 10.1530/ERP-19-0051.
Valeology: Health - Illnes - recovery. 2020; : 28-34
THE ROLE OF MODERN METHODS OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR DETERMINING EARLY MYOCARDIAL DYSFUNCTION IN WOMEN IN THE MENOPAUSAL PERIOD.
Abstract
A review of modern literature on the relationship of echocardiographic features in women in the menopausal period and cardiovascular events is presented. The formation of interest in the problem, the clinical and echocardiographic features of myocardial dysfunction in women of this category are discussed.
References
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5. Cagnacci A., Cannoletta M., Palma F., et al. Menopausal symptoms and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in postmenopause // J. Climacteric 2012.
6. Groban L, Kitzman D. W. Diastolic function: a barometer for cardiovascular risk? Anesthesiology. (2010) 112:1303–6. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181da89e4
7. Kitzman D. W., Little W. C. Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction and prognosis. Circulation. (2012) 125:743–5. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.086843
8. Pfeffer M. A., Shah A. M., Borlaug B. A. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in perspective. Circ Res. (2019) 124:1598–617. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.313572
9. Gori M., Lam C. S. P., Gupta D. K., Santos A. B. S., Cheng S., Shah A. M., et al. Sex-specific cardiovascular structure and function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. (2014) 16: 535–42. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.67
10. Scantlebury D. C., Borlaug B. A. Why are women more likely than men to develop heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? Curr Opin Cardiol. (2011) 26: 562–8. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0b013e32834b7faf
11. Nagueh S. F. Left ventricular diastolic function: understanding pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prognosis with echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.10.038. [Epub ahead of print].
12. Nagueh S. F., Smiseth O. A., Appleton C. P., Byrd B. F. III, Dokainish H., Edvardsen T., et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the american society of echocardiography and the European association of cardiovascular imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. (2016) 17: 1321–60. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew082
13. Masoudi F. A., Havranek E. P., Smith G., Fish R. H., Steiner J. F., Ordin D. L., et al. Gender, age, and heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2003) 41: 217–23. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02696-7
14. Dunlay S. M., Roger V. L., Redfield M. M. Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol. (2017) 14:591–602. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.65
15. Pirmohamed A., Kitzman D. W., Maurer M. S. Heart failure in older adults: embracing complexity. J Geriatr Cardiol. (2016) 13:8–14. URL: http://jgc301.com/article/doi/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.01.020?pageType=en
16. Upadhya B., Taffet G. E., Cheng C. P., Kitzman D. W. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the elderly: scope of the problem. J Mol Cell Cardiol. (2015) 83: 73–87. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.02.025
17. Nagueh S. F. Left ventricular diastolic function: understanding pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prognosis with echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.10.038. [Epub ahead of print].
18. Appiah D., Schreiner P. J., Demerath E. W., Loehr L. R., Chang P. P., Folsom A. R. Association of age at menopause with incident heart failure: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. (2016) 5: e003769. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003769.
19. Ebong I. A., Watson K. E., Goff D. C., Bluemke D. A., Srikanthan P., Horwich T., et al. Age at menopause and incident heart failure. Menopause. (2014) 21:585–91. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000138.
20. Rahman I., Akesson A., Wolk A. Relationship between age at natural menopause and risk of heart failure. Menopause. (2015) 22:12–6. DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000261.
21. Jessup J. A., Wang H., MacNamara L. M., Presley T. D., Kim-Shapiro D. B., Zhang L., et al. Estrogen therapy, independent of timing, improves cardiac structure and function in oophorectomized mRen2.Lewis rats. Menopause. (2013) 20: 860–8. doi: 10.1097/GME.0b013e318280589a
22. Maslov P. Z., Kim J. K., Argulian E., Ahmadi A., Narula N., Singh M., et al. Is cardiac diastolic dysfunction a part of post-menopausal syndrome? JACC Heart Fail. (2019) 7: 192–203. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.12.018
23. Okura H., Takada Y., Yamabe A., Kubo T., Asawa K., Ozaki T., et al. Age- and gender-specific changes in the left ventricular relaxation: a Doppler echocardiographic study in healthy individuals. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. (2009) 2: 41–6. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.809087
24. Dalen H., Thorstensen A., Vatten L. J., Aase S. A., Stoylen A. Reference values and distribution of conventional echocardiographic Doppler measures and longitudinal tissue Doppler velocities in a population free from cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. (2010) 3: 614–22. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.926022
25. Borlaug B. A., Redfield M. M., Melenovsky V., Kane G. C., Karon B. L., Jacobsen S. J., et al. Longitudinal changes in left ventricular stiffness: a community-based study. Circ Heart Fail. (2013) 6: 944–52. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000383
26. Tadic M., Cuspidi C., Plein S., Belyavskiy E., Heinzel F., Galderisi M. Sex and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: from pathophysiology to clinical studies. J Clin Med. (2019) 8:E792. doi: 10.3390/jcm8060792
27. Duzenli M. A., Ozdemir K., Sokmen A., Gezginc K., Soylu A., Celik C., et al. The effects of hormone replacement therapy on myocardial performance in early postmenopausal women. Climacteric. (2010) 13: 157–70. doi: 10.3109/13697130902929567
28. Gokce M., Karahan B., Erdol C., Kasap H., Ozdemirci S. Left ventricular diastolic function assessment by tissue Doppler echocardiography in relation to hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with diastolic dysfunction. Am J Ther. (2003) 10: 104–11. doi: 10.1097/00045391-200303000-00005
29. Voutilainen S., Hippelainen M., Hulkko S., Karppinen K., Ventila M., Kupari M. Left ventricular diastolic function by Doppler echocardiography in relation to hormonal replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol. (1993) 71: 614–7. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90525-H
30. Aldrighi J. M. Alecrin I. N., Caldas M. A., Gebara O. C. E., Ramires J. A. F., Rosano G. M. C. Effects of estradiol on myocardial global performance index in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2004) 19: 282–92. doi: 10.1080/09513590400017464
31. Fak A. S., Erenus M., Tezcan H., Caymaz O., Oktay S., Oktay A. Effects of a single dose of oral estrogen on left ventricular diastolic function in hypertensive postmenopausal women with diastolic dysfunction. Fertil Steril. (2000) 73: 66–71. URL: http://openaccess.marmara.edu.tr/handle/11424/118892
32. Owan T. E., Hodge D. O., Herges R. M., Jacobsen S. J., Roger V. L., Redfield M. M. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 355: 251–259, 2006
33. Hulley S., Grady D., Bush T., Furberg C., Herrington D., Riggs B., Vittinghoff E. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen / Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 280: 605–613, 1998
34. Karjalainen A. H., Ruskoaho H., Vuolteenaho O., Heikkinen J. E., Bäckström A. C., Savolainen M. J., Kesäniemi Y. A. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on natriuretic peptides and blood pressure. Maturitas 47: 201–208, 2004
35. Kass D. A., Bronzwaer J. G., Paulus W. J. What mechanisms underlie diastolic dysfunction in heart failure? Circ Res 94: 1533–1542, 2004
36. Kawaguchi M., Hay I., Fetics B., Kass D. A. Combined ventricular systolic and arterial stiffening in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: implications for systolic and diastolic reserve limitations. Circulation 107: 714–720, 2003
37. Hall P. S., Nah G., Howard B. V., Lewis C. E., Allison M. A., Sarto G. E., et al. Reproductive factors and incidence of heart failure hospitalization in the women's health initiative. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2017) 69: 2517–26. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.557
38. Gokce M., Karahan B., Erdol C., Kasap H., Ozdemirci S. Left ventricular diastolic function assessment by tissue Doppler echocardiography in relation to hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with diastolic dysfunction. Am J Ther. (2003) 10: 104–11. doi: 10.1097/00045391-200303000-00005
39. Voutilainen S., Hippelainen M., Hulkko S., Karppinen K., Ventila M., Kupari M. Left ventricular diastolic function by Doppler echocardiography in relation to hormonal replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol. (1993) 71: 614–7. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90525-H
40. Aldrighi J. M., Alecrin I. N., Caldas M. A., Gebara O. C. E., Ramires J. A. F., Rosano G. M. C. Effects of estradiol on myocardial global performance index in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol. (2004) 19: 282–92. doi: 10.1080/09513590400017464
41. Fak A. S., Erenus M., Tezcan H., Caymaz O., Oktay S., Oktay A. Effects of a single dose of oral estrogen on left ventricular diastolic function in hypertensive postmenopausal women with diastolic dysfunction. Fertil Steril. (2000) 73: 66–71. URL: http://openaccess.marmara.edu.tr/handle/11424/118892
42. Zhao Z., Wang H., Jessup J. A., Lindsey S. H., Chappell M. C., Groban L. Role of estrogen in diastolic dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. (2014) 306: H628–40. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00859.2013
43. Li S., Gupte A. A. The role of estrogen in cardiac metabolism and diastolic function. Methodist De Bakey Cardiovasc J. (2017) 13:4–8. doi: 10.14797/mdcj-13-1-4
44. Cameli M. 1, Mondillo S. 1, Galderisi M. 2, Mandoli G. E. 1, Ballo P. G. Ital Cardiol (Rome). 2017 Apr;18 (4): 253-269. doi: 10.1714/2683.27469.
45. Pathan F. 1, D'Elia N. 1, Nolan M. T. 1, Marwick T. H. 2, Negishi K. 3. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017 Jan; 30 (1): 59-70. e8. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.09.007. Epub 2016 Oct 27.
46. Zaidi A. 1, Knight D. S. 2, Augustine D. X. 3, Harkness A. 4, Oxborough D. 5. Echo Res Pract. 2020 Feb 27; 7 (1) : G19-G41. doi: 10.1530/ERP-19-0051.
