Инфекция и иммунитет. 2021; 11: 9-16
К вопросу о точности лабораторной диагностики COVID-2019
Куличенко А. Н., Саркисян Н. С.
https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-TTQ-1622Аннотация
Рассмотрены вопросы точности (чувствительности и специфичности) ПЦР-анализа в зависимости от особенностей выполнения преаналитического и аналитического этапов лабораторной диагностики COVID-19, а также сравнение результатов полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) и компьютерной томографии (КТ) легких. В настоящее время основным методом диагностики новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 является молекулярно-генетический тест — ПЦР. По данным на 1 ноября 2020 г. методом ПЦР в мире проведено более 750 млн исследований. Накопленный к настоящему времени опыт позволяет оценить диагностическую чувствительность метода в 82—91%, специфичность — в 99—100%. Имеются данные о повышении чувствительности ПЦР при повторном исследовании образцов из верхних дыхательных путей, которая составила 82,2% при первичном анализе и 90,6% после двух последовательных тестов. На точность анализа оказывает влияние целый ряд факторов. Причинами ложноотрицательных результатов молекулярных тестов могут быть недостаточное количество генетического материала вируса в пробе, сроки и погрешности при отборе биологических образцов. Установлено, что РНК вируса SARS-CoV-2 с максимальной диагностической чувствительностью выявляется в верхних дыхательных путях за 1—3 дня до появления симптомов и далее в течение 5—6 дней после начала болезни. В этот период наблюдается наивысший риск передачи возбудителя инфекции. На второй неделе болезни отмечается увеличение частоты детекции вирусной РНК в бронхо-легочном материале. Продолжительность детекции маркеров вируса (в том числе при отсутствии жизнеспособных форм) коррелирует с тяжестью заболевания и может достигать 1—2 мес. Другая реальная проблема ПЦР-анализа — возможность ложноположительных ответов. Ее решение требует высокого уровня организации лабораторных исследований, особенно при их значительных объемах. При этом важно, что положительные ответы ПЦР означают присутствие в образце не жизнеспособного вируса, а только фрагментов его РНК. Отмечено, что ПЦР-анализ имеет большую специфичность по сравнению с КТ, которая не дает возможности отличить пневмонию, вызванную SARS-CoV-2, от пневмоний другой этиологии (до 25% ложноположительных ответов). Но диагностическая чувствительность КТ составляет 97,2%, что превышает значение этого показателя для ПЦР на 10—15%. Сделано заключение, что только комплексный подход с использованием ПЦР и КТ, с учетом особенностей этих методов и факторов, влияющих на точность получаемых данных, позволяет правильно интерпретировать результаты диагностики.
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Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity. 2021; 11: 9-16
To the question regarding accuracy of COVID-2019 laboratory diagnostics
Kulichenko A. N., Sarkisyan N. S.
https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-TTQ-1622Abstract
Issues of accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of PCR-analysis depending on features of performing preanalytical and analytical stages of laboratory diagnostics of COVID-19, as well as comparing PCR and lung computed tomography (CT) results have been analyzed in the study. Currently, a molecular genetic test based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used for diagnostics of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). As of November 1, 2020, more than 750 million PCR tests have been conducted globally. Evidence accumulated by now allows to estimate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the SARS-CoV-2-specific PCR as high as 82—91% and 99—100%, respectively. In addition, increased PCR sensitivity may be noted upon performing repeated testing of the upper respiratory tract samples comprising 82.2% during the primary analysis that was further elevated up to 90.6% after two consecutive tests. A whole set of factors affect the PCR accuracy. In particular, false negative data might result from insufficient amount of virus-coupled genetic material in the sample, timeframe and mistakes made upon selecting biological samples. It was found that SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA was detected at the maximum diagnostic sensitivity in the upper respiratory tract 1—3 days before the onset of symptoms and sustained within the 5—6 days after disease onset. Such period of time is associated with the peak risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. On week 2 after disease onset, there have been noted elevated rate of detecting viral RNA in bronchopulmonary samples. The duration of detecting virus-related markers (including those found in the absence of viable virus forms) correlates with disease severity and may last for as long as 1—2 months. Another real-world issue related to PCR analysis is posed by an opportunity of obtaining false positive data, which solution requires high level organized laboratory research, especially in case large-scale studies. Upon that, it is worth noting that positive PCR results may account for detecting solely certain RNA-related fragments present in any sample, rather than a viable virus. It was noted that PCR in comparison to CT analysis demonstrates higher specificity, but does not allow to distinguish pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 from pneumonia caused by other etiological agents (up to 25% false positive results). However, the diagnostic CT sensitivity was 97.2% that exceeds such parameter for PCR by 10—15%. It was concluded that the approach combining use of both PCR and CT by taking into account their own features as well as factors affecting the accuracy of the data obtained, allows us to correctly interpret the diagnostical results.
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