Инфекция и иммунитет. 2020; 10: 639-654
Антибактериальные неорганические агенты: эффективность использования многокомпонентных систем
https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-AIA-1512Аннотация
Наночастицы металлов и оксидов металлов являются перспективными антибактериальными агентами. Они обладают широкой антимикробной активностью в отношении грамположительных и грамотрицательных бактерий, вирусов, грибков и простейших, а также позволяют избегать развития устойчивости микроорганизмов. В настоящем обзоре кратко отмечены механизмы действия таких наночастиц и основные факторы, влияющие на их антимикробную активность. Особое внимание уделяется современным исследованиям в области разработок нового поколения антимикробных агентов, обладающих усиленным и пролонгированным действием, а также низкой токсичностью. Рассмотрены примеры формирования двойных и тройных нанокомпозитов на основе оксидов: CuO, ZnO, Fe3O4, Ag2O, MnO2 и ряда других, в том числе допированных различными металлами/неметаллами, например, Ag, Ce, Cr, Mn, Nd, Co, Sn, Fe, N, F и др. Результаты исследований многокомпонентных систем демонстрируют наличие у них более выраженной антибактериальной активности и синергетического эффекта по сравнению с активностью индивидуальных оксидов. Так, например, тройные нанокомпозиты ZnO—MnO2—Cu2O или ZnO—Ag2O—Ag2S показали увеличение зоны ингибирования роста тест-штаммов грамотрицательных и грамположительных микроорганизмов на 100% по сравнению с ZnO. Такой же удвоенный антибактериальный эффект наблюдали для наночастиц ZnO, допированного церием, или для CuO, допированного цинком. Отмечены работы по созданию нанокомпозитов на основе наночастиц металлов/оксидов металлов в сочетании с органическими (хитозан, целлюлоза, поливинилпирро-лидон, биополимеры и др.) или неорганическими материалами со специальной структурой (оксид графена, нанотрубки оксида титана, кремнезем) для достижения долгосрочного и контролируемого высвобождения антибактериальных агентов. Все рассмотренные нанокомпозиты и их сочетания обладают выраженным пролонгированным антимикробным действием, в том числе в отношении антибиотикорезистентных штаммов, способны предотвращать формирование микробных биопленок на биотических и абиотических поверхностях, обладают низкой токсичностью в отношении эукариотических клеток, в композициях с полимерами (альгинатом натрия, коллагеном, поливинилпирролидоном и др.) демонстрируют противовоспалительные и ранозаживляющие свойства. Использование наноразмерных систем может решить одновременно несколько важных практических задач, таких как сохранение высокой пролонгированной антимикробной активности при одновременном снижении количества используемых соединений, создание новых антимикробных препаратов с низкой токсичностью и уменьшенной экологической нагрузкой на окружающую среду, разработка новых биоцидных материалов, в том числе новых покрытий для эффективной антимикробной защиты изделий медицинского назначения.
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Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity. 2020; 10: 639-654
Аntibacterial inorganic agents: efficiency of using multicomponent systems
https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-AIA-1512Abstract
Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are promising antibacterial agents. They have a broad antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. The use of NPs reduces the possibility of the microbial resistance development. This review briefly shows the general mechanisms and the main factors of antibacterial activity of NPs. In this article, a comprehensive review of the recent researches in the field of new antimicrobial agents with superior long-term bactericidal activity and low toxicity is provided. The review gives the examples of synthesis of double and triple nanocomposites based on following oxides: CuO, ZnO, Fe3O4, Ag2O, MnO2, etc. including metal and nonmetal doped nanocomposites (for example with Ag, Ce, Cr, Mn, Nd, Co, Sn, Fe, N, F, etc.). Compared with bactericidal action of individual oxides, the nanocomposites demonstrate superior antibacterial activity and have synergistic effects. For example, the antimicrobial activity of ZnO against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was increased by -100% by formation of triple nanocomposites ZnO—MnO2—Cu2O or ZnO—Ag2O—Ag2S. Similar effect was showed for Ce-doped ZnO and Zn-doped CuO. The present article also provides the examples of nanocomposites containing NPs and organic (chitosan, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, biopolymers, etc.) or inorganic materials with special structure (graphene oxide, TiO2 nanotubes, silica) which demonstrate controlled release and longterm antibacterial activity. All of the considered nanocomposites and their combinations have a pronounced long-term antimicrobial effect including against antibiotic-resistant strains. They are able to prevent the formation of microbial biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces, have low toxicity to eukaryotic cells, demonstrate anti-inflammatory and woundhealing properties in compositions with polymers (sodium alginate, collagen, polyvinylpyrrolidone, etc.). The use of nanoscale systems can solve several important practical problems at the same time: saving of long-term antimicrobial activities while reducing the number of compounds, creation of new antimicrobial agents with low toxicity and reduced environmental impact, development of new biocidal materials, including new coatings for effective antimicrobial protection of medical devices.
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