Инфекция и иммунитет. 2020; 10: 210-220
Рожденная в Ухане: уроки эпидемии COVID-19 в Китае
https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-BIW-1453Аннотация
В статье приводится оценка эпидемии COVID-19 в Китае, которую можно разделить на несколько этапов. Несмотря на прозрачность в информировании мировой общественности, здравоохранение страны на первом этапе развития эпидемии оказалось не готово к быстрому росту числа больных с вирусной пневмонией, меры инфекционного контроля осществлялись не в полной мере, что также привело к большому числу случаев инфицирования среди медицинских работников. Социально уязвимые группы населения не обращались своевременно, в том числе, и по материальным причинам, за медицинской помощью. На втором этапе одновременно с ограничительными мерами, введенными государством произошла перезагрузка всей системы здравоохранения: стало осуществляться бесплатное оказание медицинской помощи пациентам с COVID-19 и обеспечение строжайших мер инфекционного контроля, многоуровневое отслеживание контактов с помощью IT-технологий, организовано многократное наращивание мощности госпиталей. Совместными усилиями министерств, средств массовой информации, социальных сетей и волонтерских движений была обеспечена беспрецендентная социальная мобилизация населения. Безукоснительное выполнение всего комплекса мер, направленных на борьбу с эпидемией, позволило взять на третьем этапе ее под жесткий контроль и практически ликвидировать, спустя 2,5 месяца. Ответные меры Китая на эпидемию COVID-19 могут быть полезны другим странам, в борьбе с текущей пандемией и в подготовке к ответу на биологические угрозы в будущем.
Список литературы
1. Ambrus A., Field E., Gonzalez R. Loss in the time of cholera: long-run impact of a disease epidemic on the urban landscape. Am. Econom. Rev., 2020, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 475–525. doi: 10.1257/aer.20190759
2. Chan J.F.W., Yuan S., Kok K.H., To K.K.W., Chu H., Yang J., Tsoi H.W. A familial of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet, 2020. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa077
3. Cucinotta D., Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed., 2020, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 157–160. doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397
4. Diagnosis and treatment protocol for novel coronavirus pneumonia (Trial Version 6, Revised). The General Office of National Health Commission 18 February 2020, 13 p.
5. Elfiky A. Sofosbuvir can inhibit the newly emerged coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. China (1/20/2020).
6. Guo Y.R., Cao Q.D., Hong Z.S., Tan Y.Y., Chen S.D., Jin H.J., Tan K.S., Wang D.Y., Yan Y. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak — an update on the status. Military Med. Res., vol. 7, no. 1: 11. doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
7. Kon W., Agarwal P.P. Chest imaging appearance of COVID-19 infection. Radiol. Cardiothorac. Imaging, 2020, vol. 2, no. 1: e200028. doi: 10.1148/ryct.2020200028
8. Li H., Wang Y.M., Xu J.Y., Cao B. Potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 170–172. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.03.004
9. Li Q., Guan X., Wu P., Wang X., Zhou L., Tong Y., Xing X. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirusinfected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, no. 382, pp. 1199–1207. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
10. Linders D. From e-government to we-government: defining a typology for citizen coproduction in the age of social media. Government Information Quarterly, 2012, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 446–454. doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2012.06.003
11. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). BioScience Trends, 2020. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01020
12. Marmot M. The influence of income on health: views of an epidemiologist. Health Affairs, 2002, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 31–46.
13. National Healthcare Security Administration. URL: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-01/30/content_5473177.htm (02.04.2020).
14. ProMED-mail. Pneumonia — China (Guangdong): RFI; ProMED-mail 2003; 10 Feb:2003 20030210.0357.
15. ProMED-mail. Undiagnosed pneumonia — China (HU): RFI. ProMED-mail 2019; 30 Dec:2019 1230.6864153.
16. Rong K., Zhou D., Tang K. We-governance and the block of COVID-2019 27.03.2020. URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3560879 (02.04.2020).
17. The novel coronavirus pneumonia emergency response epidemiology team. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases COVID-19. China CCDC Weekly, 2020, no. 2, pp. 1–10. URL: http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51 (02.04.2020).
18. Wang Z., Tang K. Combating COVID-19: health equity matters. Nature Med., 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0823-6
19. World Health Organization. Pneumonia of unknown cause — China. URL: www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-ofunkown-cause-china/en (02.04.2020).
20. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 16–24 February 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf (02.04.2020).
21. World Health Organization. WHO statement regarding cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. 9 January 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china (02.04.2020).
Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity. 2020; 10: 210-220
Born in Wuhan: lessons from COVID-19 epidemic in China
https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-BIW-1453Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic curve in China can be divided into several stages. Despite transparency in informing the world public about clusters of undiagnosed viral pneumonia, the country’s health care at the first stage of the epidemic was not ready to provide adequate and rapid response for a fast increase in the number of patients with COVID-19, infection control measures were not fully implemented, which also led to a large number of nosocomial cases of infection among medical workers and patients. Socially vulnerable groups of the population did not refer for medical assistance in a timely manner due to the lack of the disease danger understanding and also in connection with the high cost for them of medical aid. At the second stage, simultaneously with the restrictive measures introduced by the government, the entire health care system was rebooted: free medical care for patients with COVID-19 was provided and the strictest infection control measures were implemented, multi-level contact tracking system using IT technologies was organized, and the capacity of hospitals was increased many times. Through the joint efforts of ministries, mass media, social networks and volunteer movements, an unprecedented social mobilization of the population was achieved. Strict implementation of the entire set of measures aimed at fighting the epidemic allowed to take it under strict control at the third stage and practically eliminate the epidemic after 2,5 months. China’s response to the COVID-19 epidemic can be useful to other countries, in fighting the current pandemic and in preparing for a response to biological threats in the future.
References
1. Ambrus A., Field E., Gonzalez R. Loss in the time of cholera: long-run impact of a disease epidemic on the urban landscape. Am. Econom. Rev., 2020, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 475–525. doi: 10.1257/aer.20190759
2. Chan J.F.W., Yuan S., Kok K.H., To K.K.W., Chu H., Yang J., Tsoi H.W. A familial of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet, 2020. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa077
3. Cucinotta D., Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed., 2020, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 157–160. doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397
4. Diagnosis and treatment protocol for novel coronavirus pneumonia (Trial Version 6, Revised). The General Office of National Health Commission 18 February 2020, 13 p.
5. Elfiky A. Sofosbuvir can inhibit the newly emerged coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. China (1/20/2020).
6. Guo Y.R., Cao Q.D., Hong Z.S., Tan Y.Y., Chen S.D., Jin H.J., Tan K.S., Wang D.Y., Yan Y. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak — an update on the status. Military Med. Res., vol. 7, no. 1: 11. doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
7. Kon W., Agarwal P.P. Chest imaging appearance of COVID-19 infection. Radiol. Cardiothorac. Imaging, 2020, vol. 2, no. 1: e200028. doi: 10.1148/ryct.2020200028
8. Li H., Wang Y.M., Xu J.Y., Cao B. Potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 170–172. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.03.004
9. Li Q., Guan X., Wu P., Wang X., Zhou L., Tong Y., Xing X. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirusinfected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, no. 382, pp. 1199–1207. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
10. Linders D. From e-government to we-government: defining a typology for citizen coproduction in the age of social media. Government Information Quarterly, 2012, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 446–454. doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2012.06.003
11. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). BioScience Trends, 2020. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01020
12. Marmot M. The influence of income on health: views of an epidemiologist. Health Affairs, 2002, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 31–46.
13. National Healthcare Security Administration. URL: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-01/30/content_5473177.htm (02.04.2020).
14. ProMED-mail. Pneumonia — China (Guangdong): RFI; ProMED-mail 2003; 10 Feb:2003 20030210.0357.
15. ProMED-mail. Undiagnosed pneumonia — China (HU): RFI. ProMED-mail 2019; 30 Dec:2019 1230.6864153.
16. Rong K., Zhou D., Tang K. We-governance and the block of COVID-2019 27.03.2020. URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3560879 (02.04.2020).
17. The novel coronavirus pneumonia emergency response epidemiology team. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases COVID-19. China CCDC Weekly, 2020, no. 2, pp. 1–10. URL: http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51 (02.04.2020).
18. Wang Z., Tang K. Combating COVID-19: health equity matters. Nature Med., 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0823-6
19. World Health Organization. Pneumonia of unknown cause — China. URL: www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-ofunkown-cause-china/en (02.04.2020).
20. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 16–24 February 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf (02.04.2020).
21. World Health Organization. WHO statement regarding cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. 9 January 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china (02.04.2020).
