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Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии. 2015; 14: 50-57

Прогностическое значение минимальной резидуальной болезни у детей с B-линейным острым лимфобластным лейкозом

Мигаль Наталья Владимировна, Белевцев Михаил Владимирович, Мовчан Людмила Викторовна, Быданов Олег Иванович, Алейникова Ольга Витальевна

https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2015-14-1-50-57

Аннотация

Целью исследования явилась оценка прогностического значения минимальной резидуальной болезни (МРБ) у детей с острым лимфобластным лейкозом (ОЛЛ), получающих лечение по протоколу ALL-MB 2008. МРБ определяли у 233 из 238 пациентов с ранним В-линейным ОЛЛ. Распределение по группам риска было следующим: 120 (51,5%) пациентов были отнесены к группе стандартного риска (SRG), 88 (37,8%) пациентов - к группе промежуточного риска (ImRG), 25 пациентов (10,7%) - к группе высокого риска (HRG). МРБ в образцах костного мозга определяли методом 6-цветной проточной цитофлюометрии на 36-й день индукции ремиссии. Количество бластных клеток в костном мозге, определяемое методом иммунофенотипирования, менее 0,01% на 36-й день терапии расценивали как полную молекулярную ремиссию (ПРм), количество бластных клеток в костном мозге 0,01% и более - как отсутствие ПРм. Морфологическая ремиссия (количество бластных клеток менее 5%) к 36-му дню индукционной терапии была достигнута у 232 (99,6%) из 233 пациентов. ПРм была достигнута у 143 (61,4%) из 233 пациентов с В-линейным ОЛЛ (МРБ-отрицательные пациенты), у 90 (38,6%) пациентов ПРм не достигнута (МРБ-положительные пациенты). Общее количество рецидивов составило 22, из них 19 у МРБ-положительных пациентов. Кумулятивный риск развития рецидивов у МРБ-отрицательных пациентов был статистически значимо меньше (3,2 ± 1,9%), чем у МРБ-положительных пациентов (38,4 ± 11,3%; р = 0,0178). Статистически значимых различий в показателях бессобытийной выживаемости (event-free survival - EFS) пациентов SRG в зависимости от МРБ-статуса на 36-й день терапии не получено: 6-летняя EFS МРБ-отрицательных пациентов составила 93 ± 3%, МРБ-положительных пациентов - 90 ± 6% (р = 0,5042). 6-Летняя EFS МРБ-отрицательных пациентов, отнесенных к ImRG (96 ± 3%), оказалась статистически значимо лучше, чем МРБ-положительных пациентов (43 ± 19%; р = 0,0014). Причиной неудач в лечении МРБ-положительных пациентов, отнесенных к ImRG, были только рецидивы ОЛЛ, которые развились у 9 (27,3%) пациентов. 6-Летняя EFS МРБ-отрицательных пациентов, отнесенных к HRG, была статистически значимо лучше (100%), чем МРБ-положительных пациентов (46 ± 14%; р = 0,0561). Введение ПЭГ-аспарагиназы способствовало достижению ПРм у пациентов с B-линейным ОЛЛ: при использовании препарата ПРм была достигнута у 60 (76,9%) пациентов SRG и у 33 (76,7%) пациентов ImRG. МРБ-статус используется для стратификации на группы риска в новой версии протокола ALL-MB 2015.
Список литературы

1. Möricke A., Zimmermann M., Reiter A., Henze G., Schrauder A., Gadner H., Ludwig W.D., et al. Long-term results of five consecutive trials in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia performed by the ALL-BFM study group from 1981 to 2000. Leukemia. 2010; 24(2): 265-84.

2. Campana D. Monitoring minimal residual disease in acute leukemia: expectations, possibilities and initial clinical results. Int J Clin Lab Res. 1994; 24(3): 132-8.

3. Campana D., Pui C.H. Detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia: methodologic advances and clinical significance. Blood. 1995; 85(6): 1416-34.

4. Campana D. Determination of minimal residual disease in leukemia patients. Br J Haematol. 2003; 121(6): 823-38.

5. Coustan-Smith E., Sancho J., Hancock M.L., Boyett J.M., Behm F.G., Raimondi S.C. et al. Clinical importance of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2000; 96(8): 2691-6.

6. Denys B., van der Sluijs-Gelling A.J., Homburg C., van der Schoot C.E., de Haas V., Philippé J. et al. Improved flow cytometric detection of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2013; 27(3): 635-41.

7. Brüggemann M., Raff T., Kneba M. Has MRD monitoring superseded other prognostic factors in adult ALL? Blood. 2012; 120(23): 4470-81.

8. van der Velden V.H., Boeckx N., van Wering E.R., van Dongen J.J. Detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2004; 18(2): 146-54.

9. van Dongen J.J., Macintyre E.A., Gabert J.A., Delabesse E., Rossi V., Saglio G. et al. Standardized RT-PCR analysis of fusion gene transcripts from chromosome aberrations in acute leukemia for detection of minimal residual disease. Report of the BIOMED-1 Concerted Action: investigation of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia. Leukemia. 1999; 13(12): 1901-28.

10. Dworzak M.N., Panzer-Grümaer E.R. Flow cytometric detection of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003; 44(9): 1445-55.

11. Flohr T., Schrauder A., Cazzaniga G., Panzer-Grümayer R., van der Velden V., Fischer S. et al. Minimal residual disease-directed risk stratification using real-time quantitative PCR analysis of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in the international multicenter trial AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2008; 22(4): 771-82.

12. van der Velden V.H., Cazzaniga G., Schrauder A., Hancock J., Bader P., Panzer-Grumayer E.R. et al. European Study Group on MRD detection in ALL (ESG-MRD-ALL). Analysis of minimal residual disease by Ig/TCR gene rearrangements: guidelines for interpretation of real-time quantitative PCR data. Leukemia. 2007; 21(4): 604-11.

13. van Dongen J.J., Lhermitte L., Böttcher S., Almeida J., van der Velden V.H., Flores-Montero J. et al. EuroFlow antibody panels for standardized n-dimensional flow cytometric immunophenotyping of normal, reactive and malignant leukocytes. Leukemia. 2012; 26(9): 1908-75.

14. Neale G.A., Coustan-Smith E., Stow P., Pan Q., Chen X., Pui C.H. et al. Comparative analysis of flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2004; 18(5): 934-8.

15. Basso G., Buldini B., De Zen L., Orfao A. New methodologic approaches for immunophenotyping acute leukemias. Haematologica. 2001; 86(7): 675-92.

16. Borowitz M.J., Devidas M., Hunger S.P., Bowman W.P., Carroll A.J., Carroll W.L. et al. Clinical significance of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its relationship to other prognostic factors: a Children's Oncology Group study. Blood. 2008; 111(12): 5477-85.

17. Brüggemann M., Schrauder A., Raff T., Pfeifer H., Dworzak M., Ottmann O.G. et al. Standardized MRD quantification in European ALL trials: proceedings of the Second International Symposium on MRD assessment in Kiel, Germany, 18-20 September 2008. Leukemia. 2010; 24(3): 521-35.

18. Rabin K.R., Gramatges M.M., Borowitz M.J., Palla S.L., Shi X., Margolin J.F. et al. Absolute lymphocyte counts refine minimal residual disease-based risk stratification in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012; 59(3): 468-74.

19. Basso G., Veltroni M., Valsecchi M.G., Dworzak M.N., Ratei R., Silvestri D. et al. Risk of relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is predicted by flow cytometric measurement of residual disease on day 15 bone marrow. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(31): 5168-74.

20. Brüggemann M., Raff T., Flohr T., Gökbuget N., Nakao M., Droese J. et al. Clinical significance of minimal residual disease quantification in adult patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2006; 107(3): 1116-23.

21. Panzer-Grümayer E.R., Schneider M., Panzer S., Fasching K., Gadner H. Rapid molecular response during early induction chemotherapy predicts a good outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2000; 95(3): 790-4.

22. Stow P., Key L., Chen X., Pan Q., Neale G.A., Coustan-Smith E. et al. Clinical significance of low levels of minimal residual disease at the end of remission induction therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2010; 115(23): 4657-63.

23. zur Stadt U., Harms D.O., Schlüter S., Jorch N., Spaar H.J., Nürnberger W. et al. Minimal residual disease analysis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood within the framework of COALL Study: results of an induction therapy without asparaginase. Klin Padiatr. 2000; 212(4): 169-73.

24. Conter V., Bartram C.R., Valsecchi M.G., Schrauder A., Panzer-Grümayer R., Möricke A. et al. Molecular response to treatment redefines all prognostic factors in children and adolescents with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results in 3184 patients of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 study. Blood. 2010; 115(16): 3206-14.

25. Roberts W.M., Estrov Z., Ouspenskaia M.V., Johnston D.A., McClain K.L., Zipf T.F. Measurement of residual leukemia during remission in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336(5): 317-23.

26. Cazzaniga G., Gaipa G., Rossi V., Biondi A. Minimal residual disease as a surrogate marker for risk assignment to ALL patients. Rev Clin Exp Hematol. 2003; 7(3): 292-323.

27. Davies S.M., Borowitz M.J., Rosner G.L., Ritz K., Devidas M., Winick N. et al. Pharmacogenetics of minimal residual disease response in children with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood. 2008; 111(6): 2984-90.

28. Brüggemann M., Gökbuget N., Kneba M. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: monitoring minimal residual disease as a therapeutic principle. Semin Oncol. 2012; 39(1): 47-57.

29. Kwok C.S., Kham S.K., Ariffin H., Lin H.P., Quah T.C., Yeoh A.E. Minimal residual disease (MRD) measurement as a tool to compare the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drug regimens using Escherichia Coli-asparaginase or Erwinia-asparaginase in childhood acute lymphoblactic leukemia (ALL). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006; 47(3): 299-304.

30. Davies S.M., Borowitz M.J., Rosner G.L., Ritz K., Devidas M., Winick N. et al. Pharmacogenetics of minimal residual disease response in children with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood. 2008; 111(6): 2984-90.

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34. Conter V., Bartram C.R., Valsecchi M.G., Schrauder A., Panzer-Grümayer R., Möricke A. et al. Molecular response to treatment redefines all prognostic factors in children and adolescents with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results in 3184 patients of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 study. Blood. 2010; 115(16): 3206-14.

35. Chen I.M., Harvey R.C., Mullighan C.G., Gastier-Foster J., Wharton W., Kang H. et al. Outcome modeling with CRLF2, IKZF1, JAK, and minimal residual disease in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study. Blood. 2012; 119(15): 3512-22.

36. Kang H., Chen I.M., Wilson C.S., Bedrick E.J., Harvey R.C., Atlas S.R. et al. Gene expression classifiers for relapse-free survival and minimal residual disease improve risk classification and outcome prediction in pediatric B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2010; 115(7): 1394-405.

Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology. 2015; 14: 50-57

Prognostic value of minimal residual disease in childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Migal N. V., Belevtsev M. V., , Bydanov O. I., Aleinikova O. V.

https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2015-14-1-50-57

Abstract

The prognostic value of minimal residual disease (MRD) was studied in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated by ALL-MB 2008 protocol. The MRD was detected in 233 of 238 patients with B-precursor ALL. The risk group distribution was as follows: 120 (51.5%) patients were referred to the standard risk group (SRG), 88 (37.8%) to intermediate risk group (ImRG), and 25 (10.7%) to high risk group (HRG). The MRD was evaluated in bone marrow specimens by 6-color flow cytofluorometry on day 36 of induction therapy. Blast cell level in bone marrow below 0.01%, evaluated by the immunophenotyping method on day 36 of therapy, was regarded as complete molecular remission (CRm), while blast cell level of 0.01% and higher in bone marrow was regarded as the absence of CRm. Morphological remission (blast cell level below 5%) was attained by day 36 in 232 (99.6%) of 233 patients. CRm was attained in 143 (61.4%) of 233 patients with B-precursor ALL (MRD-negative patients) and not attained in 90 (38.6%) patients (MRD-positive patients). Total number of relapses was 22, 19 of these developed in MRD-positive patients. The cumulative incidence of relapse was significantly lower in MRD-negative patients (3.2 ± 1.9%) than in MRD-positive ones (38.4 ± 11.3%; p = 0.0178). Event-free survival (EFS) of SRG patients, who had different MRD status on day 36 of therapy, was virtually the same: 6-year EFS of MRD-negative patients was 93 ± 3%, of MRD-positive patients -90 ± 6% (p = 0.5042). 6-Year EFS of MRD-negative patients, referred to ImRG, was significantly better than of MRD-positive patients (96 ± 3% vs. 43 ± 19%; p = 0.0014). The only cause of failure in therapy of MRD-positive patients referred to ImRG were ALL relapses, which developed in 9 (27.3%) patients. 6-Year EFS of MRD-negative patients, referred to HRG, was significantly better (100%) than of MRD-positive patients (46 ± 14%; p = 0.0561). Treatment with PEG-asparaginase promoted CRm in patients with B-precursor ALL: CRm was attained in 60 (76.9%) of SRG patients and in 33 (76.7%) of ImRG patients. MRD status was used for risk group stratification in the new version of the ALL-MB 2015 protocol.
References

1. Möricke A., Zimmermann M., Reiter A., Henze G., Schrauder A., Gadner H., Ludwig W.D., et al. Long-term results of five consecutive trials in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia performed by the ALL-BFM study group from 1981 to 2000. Leukemia. 2010; 24(2): 265-84.

2. Campana D. Monitoring minimal residual disease in acute leukemia: expectations, possibilities and initial clinical results. Int J Clin Lab Res. 1994; 24(3): 132-8.

3. Campana D., Pui C.H. Detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia: methodologic advances and clinical significance. Blood. 1995; 85(6): 1416-34.

4. Campana D. Determination of minimal residual disease in leukemia patients. Br J Haematol. 2003; 121(6): 823-38.

5. Coustan-Smith E., Sancho J., Hancock M.L., Boyett J.M., Behm F.G., Raimondi S.C. et al. Clinical importance of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2000; 96(8): 2691-6.

6. Denys B., van der Sluijs-Gelling A.J., Homburg C., van der Schoot C.E., de Haas V., Philippé J. et al. Improved flow cytometric detection of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2013; 27(3): 635-41.

7. Brüggemann M., Raff T., Kneba M. Has MRD monitoring superseded other prognostic factors in adult ALL? Blood. 2012; 120(23): 4470-81.

8. van der Velden V.H., Boeckx N., van Wering E.R., van Dongen J.J. Detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2004; 18(2): 146-54.

9. van Dongen J.J., Macintyre E.A., Gabert J.A., Delabesse E., Rossi V., Saglio G. et al. Standardized RT-PCR analysis of fusion gene transcripts from chromosome aberrations in acute leukemia for detection of minimal residual disease. Report of the BIOMED-1 Concerted Action: investigation of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia. Leukemia. 1999; 13(12): 1901-28.

10. Dworzak M.N., Panzer-Grümaer E.R. Flow cytometric detection of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003; 44(9): 1445-55.

11. Flohr T., Schrauder A., Cazzaniga G., Panzer-Grümayer R., van der Velden V., Fischer S. et al. Minimal residual disease-directed risk stratification using real-time quantitative PCR analysis of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in the international multicenter trial AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2008; 22(4): 771-82.

12. van der Velden V.H., Cazzaniga G., Schrauder A., Hancock J., Bader P., Panzer-Grumayer E.R. et al. European Study Group on MRD detection in ALL (ESG-MRD-ALL). Analysis of minimal residual disease by Ig/TCR gene rearrangements: guidelines for interpretation of real-time quantitative PCR data. Leukemia. 2007; 21(4): 604-11.

13. van Dongen J.J., Lhermitte L., Böttcher S., Almeida J., van der Velden V.H., Flores-Montero J. et al. EuroFlow antibody panels for standardized n-dimensional flow cytometric immunophenotyping of normal, reactive and malignant leukocytes. Leukemia. 2012; 26(9): 1908-75.

14. Neale G.A., Coustan-Smith E., Stow P., Pan Q., Chen X., Pui C.H. et al. Comparative analysis of flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2004; 18(5): 934-8.

15. Basso G., Buldini B., De Zen L., Orfao A. New methodologic approaches for immunophenotyping acute leukemias. Haematologica. 2001; 86(7): 675-92.

16. Borowitz M.J., Devidas M., Hunger S.P., Bowman W.P., Carroll A.J., Carroll W.L. et al. Clinical significance of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its relationship to other prognostic factors: a Children's Oncology Group study. Blood. 2008; 111(12): 5477-85.

17. Brüggemann M., Schrauder A., Raff T., Pfeifer H., Dworzak M., Ottmann O.G. et al. Standardized MRD quantification in European ALL trials: proceedings of the Second International Symposium on MRD assessment in Kiel, Germany, 18-20 September 2008. Leukemia. 2010; 24(3): 521-35.

18. Rabin K.R., Gramatges M.M., Borowitz M.J., Palla S.L., Shi X., Margolin J.F. et al. Absolute lymphocyte counts refine minimal residual disease-based risk stratification in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012; 59(3): 468-74.

19. Basso G., Veltroni M., Valsecchi M.G., Dworzak M.N., Ratei R., Silvestri D. et al. Risk of relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is predicted by flow cytometric measurement of residual disease on day 15 bone marrow. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(31): 5168-74.

20. Brüggemann M., Raff T., Flohr T., Gökbuget N., Nakao M., Droese J. et al. Clinical significance of minimal residual disease quantification in adult patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2006; 107(3): 1116-23.

21. Panzer-Grümayer E.R., Schneider M., Panzer S., Fasching K., Gadner H. Rapid molecular response during early induction chemotherapy predicts a good outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2000; 95(3): 790-4.

22. Stow P., Key L., Chen X., Pan Q., Neale G.A., Coustan-Smith E. et al. Clinical significance of low levels of minimal residual disease at the end of remission induction therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2010; 115(23): 4657-63.

23. zur Stadt U., Harms D.O., Schlüter S., Jorch N., Spaar H.J., Nürnberger W. et al. Minimal residual disease analysis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood within the framework of COALL Study: results of an induction therapy without asparaginase. Klin Padiatr. 2000; 212(4): 169-73.

24. Conter V., Bartram C.R., Valsecchi M.G., Schrauder A., Panzer-Grümayer R., Möricke A. et al. Molecular response to treatment redefines all prognostic factors in children and adolescents with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results in 3184 patients of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 study. Blood. 2010; 115(16): 3206-14.

25. Roberts W.M., Estrov Z., Ouspenskaia M.V., Johnston D.A., McClain K.L., Zipf T.F. Measurement of residual leukemia during remission in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336(5): 317-23.

26. Cazzaniga G., Gaipa G., Rossi V., Biondi A. Minimal residual disease as a surrogate marker for risk assignment to ALL patients. Rev Clin Exp Hematol. 2003; 7(3): 292-323.

27. Davies S.M., Borowitz M.J., Rosner G.L., Ritz K., Devidas M., Winick N. et al. Pharmacogenetics of minimal residual disease response in children with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood. 2008; 111(6): 2984-90.

28. Brüggemann M., Gökbuget N., Kneba M. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: monitoring minimal residual disease as a therapeutic principle. Semin Oncol. 2012; 39(1): 47-57.

29. Kwok C.S., Kham S.K., Ariffin H., Lin H.P., Quah T.C., Yeoh A.E. Minimal residual disease (MRD) measurement as a tool to compare the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drug regimens using Escherichia Coli-asparaginase or Erwinia-asparaginase in childhood acute lymphoblactic leukemia (ALL). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006; 47(3): 299-304.

30. Davies S.M., Borowitz M.J., Rosner G.L., Ritz K., Devidas M., Winick N. et al. Pharmacogenetics of minimal residual disease response in children with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood. 2008; 111(6): 2984-90.

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34. Conter V., Bartram C.R., Valsecchi M.G., Schrauder A., Panzer-Grümayer R., Möricke A. et al. Molecular response to treatment redefines all prognostic factors in children and adolescents with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results in 3184 patients of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 study. Blood. 2010; 115(16): 3206-14.

35. Chen I.M., Harvey R.C., Mullighan C.G., Gastier-Foster J., Wharton W., Kang H. et al. Outcome modeling with CRLF2, IKZF1, JAK, and minimal residual disease in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study. Blood. 2012; 119(15): 3512-22.

36. Kang H., Chen I.M., Wilson C.S., Bedrick E.J., Harvey R.C., Atlas S.R. et al. Gene expression classifiers for relapse-free survival and minimal residual disease improve risk classification and outcome prediction in pediatric B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2010; 115(7): 1394-405.