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Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии. 2024; 23: 208-220

Апластическая анемия у детей: современная концепция дифференциальной диагностики

Горонкова О. В., Павлова А. В., Райкина Е. B.

https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2024-23-2-208-220

Аннотация

В статье представлен краткий обзор публикаций, посвященных апластической анемии (АА) у детей и тесно связанных с ней состояний. Рассмотрена патофизиология АА, включающая 3 основных механизма деструкции костного мозга, приводящих к аплазии: прямое повреждение, опосредованная иммунными клетками деструкция и недостаточность костного мозга, возникшая в результате наследственных и клональных нарушений. Освещены новые аспекты, касающиеся врожденных синдромов костномозговой недостаточности, врожденных дефектов иммунитета и миелодиспластических синдромов как наиболее частых состояний, входящих в круг дифференциальной диагностики АА у детей. Представлен комплексный алгоритм диагностики АА, включающий стандартные лабораторные тесты и дополнительные современные молекулярно-генетические методы исследования, способствующие лучшему пониманию этой гетерогенной группы заболеваний и определяющие подходы к выбору тактики терапии. Цель обзора: предоставить врачам – педиатрам и детским гематологам обновленную информацию об этом редком гетерогенном заболевании на основании анализа последних данных литературы. 

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Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology. 2024; 23: 208-220

Aplastic anemia in children: the current concept of differential diagnosis

Goronkova O. V., Pavlova A. V., Raykina E. V.

https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2024-23-2-208-220

Abstract

This article presents a brief overview of publications on pediatric aplastic anemia (AA) and closely related conditions. Here we consider the pathophysiology of AA, which includes three main mechanisms of bone marrow destruction resulting in aplasia: direct injury, immune mediated destruction and bone marrow failure resulting from inherited and clonal disorders. New aspects of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, inborn errors of immunity and myelodysplastic syndromes are highlighted as the most common conditions included in the spectrum of differential diagnosis of AA in children. A comprehensive algorithm for the diagnosis of AA in children is presented, including standard laboratory tests and additional modern molecular and genetic techniques that contribute to a better understanding of this heterogeneous group of diseases and determine approaches to the choice of therapy. The purpose of the review is to provide pediatricians and pediatric hematologists with an updated information of this rare, heterogeneous condition based on an analysis of the latest literature data.

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