Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии. 2021; 20: 199-208
Парентеральная нутритивная поддержка у детей в раннем периоде после трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток: особенности и клинические аспекты
https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2021-20-4-199-208Аннотация
Трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (ТГСК) как метод лечения ассоциирована с нутритивными нарушениями, основные причины которых – нарушения приема пищи и гастроинтестинальные проблемы, развивающиеся на разных этапах: от кондиционирования до позднего посттрансплантационного периода. Нутритивные нарушения негативно влияют на результаты ТГСК, в связи с чем становится ясной актуальность их профилактики и своевременной коррекции. У большинства пациентов, перенесших ТГСК, на различных этапах терапии имеются те или иные проблемы, приводящие к невозможности обеспечения нутритивной потребности энтеральным путем. Поэтому парентеральный путь алиментации у таких пациентов является особенно важным. В обзоре рассмотрены основные клинические особенности назначения парентерального питания пациентам после ТГСК, а также возможные проблемы и негативные последствия его неадекватного назначения.
Список литературы
1. LeMaistre C.F., Farnia S., Crawford S., McGuirk J., Maziarz R.T., Coates J., et al. Standardization of terminology for episodes of hematopoietic stem cell patient transplant care. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19 (6): 851–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.004
2. Sureda A., Bader P., Cesaro S., Dreger P., Duarte R.F., Dufour C., et al. Indications for allo- and auto-SCT for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders: current practice in Europe, 2015. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50 (8): 1037–56. DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2015.6
3. Martin-Salces M., de Paz R., Canales M.A., Mesejo A., Hernandez-Navarro F. Nutritional recommendations in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nutrition 2008; 24 (7–8): 769–75.
4. Morishita S., Kaida K., Tanaka T., Itani Y., Ikegame K., Okada M., et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia and relevance of body composition, physiological function, fatigue, and health-related quality of life in patients before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Support Care Cancer 2012; 20 (12): 3161–8.
5. Baumgartner A., Bargetzi M., Bargetzi A., Zueger N., Medinger M., Passweg J., et al. Nutritional support practices in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation centers: A nationwide comparison. Nutrition 2017; 35: 43–50.
6. Chaudhry H.M., Bruce A.J., Wolf R.C., Litzow M.R., Hogan W.J., Patnaik M.S., et al. The Incidence and Severity of Oral Mucositis among Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients: A Systematic Review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2016; 22 (4): 605–16.
7. Tuncer H.H., Rana N., Milani C., Darko A., Al-Homsi S.A. Gastrointestinal and hepatic complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18 (16): 1851–60.
8. Epstein J.B., Barasch A. Taste disorders in cancer patients: pathogenesis, and approach to assessment and management. Oral Oncol 2010; 46 (2): 77–81.
9. Deeg H.J., Seidel K., Bruemmer B., Pepea M., Appelbaum F. Impact of patient weight on non-relapse mortality after marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 15 (3): 461–8.
10. Le Blanc K., Ringdén O., Remberger M. A low body mass index is correlated with poor survival after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2003; 88 (9): 1044– 52.
11. Urbain P., Birlinger J., Ihorst G., Biesalski H.K., Finke J., Bertz H. Body mass index and bioelectrical impedance phase angle as potentially modifiable nutritional markers are independent risk factors for outcome in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Ann Hematol 2013; 92 (1): 111–9.
12. Gatta A., Verardo A., Bolognesi M. Hypoalbuminemia. Intern Emerg Med 2012; 7 (Suppl 3): S193–9.
13. Sivgin S., Baldane S., Ozenmis T., Keklik M., Kaynar L., Kurnaz F., et al. The impact of pretransplant hypoalbuminemia on survival in patients with leukemia who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT): a nutritional problem? Transplant Proc 2013; 45 (9): 3371–4.
14. Hadjibabaie M., Tabeefar H., Alimoghaddam K., Iravani M., Eslami K., Honarmand H., et al. The relationship between body mass index and outcomes in leukemic patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Transplant 2012; 26 (1): 149–55.
15. Mattsson J., Westin S., Edlund S., Remberger M. Poor oral nutrition after allogeneic stem cell transplantation correlates significantly with severe graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38 (9): 629–33.
16. Von Bahr L., Blennow O., Alm J., Björklund A., Malmberg K.J., Mougiakakos D., et al. Increased incidence of chronic GvHD and CMV disease in patients with vitamin D deficiency before allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50 (9): 1217–23.
17. Wilmore D.W., Dudrick S.J. Growth and development of an infant receiving all nutrients exclusively by vein. JAMA 1968; 203: 860–4.
18. Dudrick S.J., Macfadyen B.V., Van Buren C.T., Ruberg R.L., Maynard A.T. Parenteral hyperalimentation. Metabolic problems and solutions. Ann Surg 1972; 176 (3): 259–64.
19. Copeland E.M., Macfayden B.V., Dudrick S.J. Intravenous hyperalimentation in cancer patients. J Surg Res 1974; 16 (3): 241–7.
20. Casaer M.P., Mesotten D., Hermans G., Wouters P.J., Schetz M., Meyfroidt G., et al. Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 506–17.
21. Hamilton S., McAleer D.M., Ariagno K., Barrett M., Stenquist N., Duggan C.P., Mehta N.M. A stepwise enteral nutrition algorithm for critically ill children helps achieve nutrient delivery goals. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15: 583–9.
22. Ekelund M., Qader S.S., Hallén M., Ekblad E. Effects of total parenteral nutrition on rat enteric nervous system, intestinal morphology, and motility. J Surg Res 2005; 124 (2): 187–93.
23. Ekelund M., Kristensson E., Ekelund M., Ekblad E. Total Parenteral Nutrition Causes Circumferential Intestinal Atrophy, Remodeling of the Intestinal Wall, and Redistribution of Eosinophils in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52 (8): 1833–9.
24. Buchman A.L., Moukarzel A.A., Bhuta S., Belle M., Ament M.E., Eckhert C.D., et al. Parenteral nutrition is associated with intestinal morphologic and functional changes in humans. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995; 19: 453–60.
25. Cangelosi M.J., Auerbach H.R., Cohen J.T. A clinical and economic evaluation of enteral nutrition. Curr Med Res Opin 2011; 27: 413–22.
26. Weisdorf S., Lysne J., Wind D., Haake R.J., Sharp H.L., Goldman A., et al. Positive effect of prophylactic total parenteral nutrition on long term outcome of bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1987; 43: 833–8.
27. Lough M., Watkins R., Campbell M., Carr K., Burnett A., Shenkin A. Parenteral nutrition in bone marrow transplantation. Clin Nutr 1990; 9: 97–101.
28. Hopman G.D., Pena E.G., Le Cessie S., Van Weel M.H., Vossen J.M.J.J., Mearin M.L. Tube feeding and bone marrow transplantation. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003; 40: 375–9.
29. Gonzales F., Bruno B., Alarcon Fuentes M., De Berranger E., Guimber D., Behal H., et al. Better early outcome with enteral rather than parenteral nutrition in children undergoing MAC allo-SCT. Clin Nutr 2017; 37: 2113–21.
30. Guièze R., Lemal R., Cabrespine A., Hermet E., Tournilhac O., Combal C., et al. Enteral versus parenteral nutritional support in allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl 2014; 33 (3): 533–8.
31. Seguy D., Berthon C., Micol J.-B., Darré S., Dalle J.-H., Neuville S., et al. Enteral feeding and early outcomes of patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation following myeloablative conditioning. Transplantation 2006; 82 (6): 835–9.
32. Seguy D., Duhamel A., Rejeb M.B., Gomez E., Buhl N.D., Bruno B., et al. Better outcome of patients undergoing enteral tube feeding after myeloablative conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Transplantation 2012; 94 (3): 287–94.
33. Schmidt G.M., Blume K.G., Bross K.J., Spruce W.E., Waldron J.C., Levine R. Parenteral nutrition in bone marrow transplant recipients. Exp Hematol 1980; 8 (4): 506–11.
34. Bozzetti F., Arends J., Lundholm K., Micklewright A., Zurcher G., Muscaritoli M., et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: non-surgical oncology. Clin Nutr 2009; 28 (4): 445–54.
35. Koletzko B., Goulet O., Hunt J., Krohn K., Shamir R., Parenteral Nutrition Guidelines Working, et al. 1. Guidelines on Paediatric Parenteral Nutrition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), supported by the European Society of Paediatric Research (ESPR). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41 (2): 1–87.
36. Puntis J.W.L., Hojsak I., Ksiazyk J. the ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN working group on pediatric parenteral nutrition. ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ ESPR/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Organisational aspects. Clin Nutr 2018; 37: 2392– 400.
37. Corkins M.R., Griggs K.C., GrohWargo S., Han-Markey T.L., Helms R.A., Muir L.V., et al. Standards for nutrition support: pediatric hospitalized patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2013; 28: 263–76.
38. Szeluga D.J., Stuart R.K., Brookmeyer R., Utermohlen V., Santos G.W. Nutritional support of bone marrow transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing total parenteral nutrition to an enteral feeding program. Cancer Res 1987; 47 (12): 3309–16.
39. Gebremedhin E., Behrendt C.E., Nakamura R., Parker P., Salehian B. Severe hyperglycemia immediately after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is predictive of acute graft-versus-host disease. Inflammation 2013; 36 (1): 177–85.
40. Hammer M.J., Casper C., Gooley T.A., O’Donnell P.V., Boeckh M., Hirsch I.B. The contribution of malglycemia to mortality among allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 15 (3): 344–51.
41. Sheean P.M., Freels S.A., Helton W.S., Braunschweig C.A. Adverse clinical consequences of hyperglycemia from total parenteral nutrition exposure during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12 (6): 656–64.
42. Fuji S., Kim S.-W., Mori S., Fukuda T., Kamiya S., Yamasaki S., et al. Hyperglycemia during the neutropenic period is associated with a poor outcome in patients undergoing myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transplantation 2007; 84 (7): 814–20.
43. Lapillonne A., Mis N.F., Goulet O., Akker C.H., Wu J., Koletzko B., the ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN working group on pediatric parenteral nutrition. ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ ESPR/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Lipids. Clinical nutrition. 2018; 37 (6 Pt B): 2324–36.
44. Manzanares W., Langlois P.L., Dhaliwal R., Lemieux M., Heyland D.K. Intravenous fish oil lipid emulsions in critically ill patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2015; 19: 167.
45. Lapillonne A., Carlson S.E. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and infant growth. Lipids 2001; 36: 901–11.
46. Gregory K. Update on nutrition for preterm and full-term infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2005; 34: 98–108.
47. Pastore S., Barbieri F., Leo G.D., Valencic E., Tommasini A., Ventura A. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in total parenteral nutrition dependent children: Description of 5 Cases and Practical Tips for Management. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014; 36: 440–2.
48. Pradelli L., Mayer K., Muscaritoli M., Heller A.R. n-3 fatty acid-enriched parenteral nutrition regimens in elective surgical and ICU patients: a meta-analysis. Crit Care 2012; 16: 184.
49. Mehta N.M., Compher C.; ASPEN Board of Directors. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support of the critically ill child. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33: 260–76.
50. Baumgartner A., Bargetzi A., Zueger N., Bargetzi M., Medinger M., Bounoure L., et al. Revisiting nutritional support for allogeneic hematologic stem cell transplantation – a systematic review. Bone Marrow Transplant 2017; 52 (4): 506–13.
51. Andersen S., Brown T., Kennedy G., Banks M. Implementation of an evidenced based nutrition support pathway for haematopoietic progenitor cell transplant patients. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 536–40.
52. Thompson J.L., Duffy J. Nutrition support challenges in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2008; 23: 533–46.
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology. 2021; 20: 199-208
Parenteral nutritional support in children in the early period after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: specifics and clinical aspects
https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2021-20-4-199-208Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) as a treatment modality is associated with nutritional problems that are mainly caused by eating difficulties and gastrointestinal complications occurring at different stages of HSCT: starting from conditioning until late post-transplant period. Nutritional problems have in turn a negative impact on the outcomes of HSCT which demonstrates the importance of preventive measures and timely correction of these problems. The majority of patients who underwent HSCT experience various problems at different stages of treatment leading to a situation when enteral nutrition is impossible. This is why parenteral nutrition is of utmost importance in these patients. This review describes the main clinical factors that may influence the prescription of nutritional support to patients after HSCT as well as possible problems and negative consequences of inappropriate prescribing of parenteral nutrition.
References
1. LeMaistre C.F., Farnia S., Crawford S., McGuirk J., Maziarz R.T., Coates J., et al. Standardization of terminology for episodes of hematopoietic stem cell patient transplant care. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19 (6): 851–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.004
2. Sureda A., Bader P., Cesaro S., Dreger P., Duarte R.F., Dufour C., et al. Indications for allo- and auto-SCT for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders: current practice in Europe, 2015. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50 (8): 1037–56. DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2015.6
3. Martin-Salces M., de Paz R., Canales M.A., Mesejo A., Hernandez-Navarro F. Nutritional recommendations in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nutrition 2008; 24 (7–8): 769–75.
4. Morishita S., Kaida K., Tanaka T., Itani Y., Ikegame K., Okada M., et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia and relevance of body composition, physiological function, fatigue, and health-related quality of life in patients before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Support Care Cancer 2012; 20 (12): 3161–8.
5. Baumgartner A., Bargetzi M., Bargetzi A., Zueger N., Medinger M., Passweg J., et al. Nutritional support practices in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation centers: A nationwide comparison. Nutrition 2017; 35: 43–50.
6. Chaudhry H.M., Bruce A.J., Wolf R.C., Litzow M.R., Hogan W.J., Patnaik M.S., et al. The Incidence and Severity of Oral Mucositis among Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients: A Systematic Review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2016; 22 (4): 605–16.
7. Tuncer H.H., Rana N., Milani C., Darko A., Al-Homsi S.A. Gastrointestinal and hepatic complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18 (16): 1851–60.
8. Epstein J.B., Barasch A. Taste disorders in cancer patients: pathogenesis, and approach to assessment and management. Oral Oncol 2010; 46 (2): 77–81.
9. Deeg H.J., Seidel K., Bruemmer B., Pepea M., Appelbaum F. Impact of patient weight on non-relapse mortality after marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 15 (3): 461–8.
10. Le Blanc K., Ringdén O., Remberger M. A low body mass index is correlated with poor survival after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2003; 88 (9): 1044– 52.
11. Urbain P., Birlinger J., Ihorst G., Biesalski H.K., Finke J., Bertz H. Body mass index and bioelectrical impedance phase angle as potentially modifiable nutritional markers are independent risk factors for outcome in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Ann Hematol 2013; 92 (1): 111–9.
12. Gatta A., Verardo A., Bolognesi M. Hypoalbuminemia. Intern Emerg Med 2012; 7 (Suppl 3): S193–9.
13. Sivgin S., Baldane S., Ozenmis T., Keklik M., Kaynar L., Kurnaz F., et al. The impact of pretransplant hypoalbuminemia on survival in patients with leukemia who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT): a nutritional problem? Transplant Proc 2013; 45 (9): 3371–4.
14. Hadjibabaie M., Tabeefar H., Alimoghaddam K., Iravani M., Eslami K., Honarmand H., et al. The relationship between body mass index and outcomes in leukemic patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Transplant 2012; 26 (1): 149–55.
15. Mattsson J., Westin S., Edlund S., Remberger M. Poor oral nutrition after allogeneic stem cell transplantation correlates significantly with severe graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38 (9): 629–33.
16. Von Bahr L., Blennow O., Alm J., Björklund A., Malmberg K.J., Mougiakakos D., et al. Increased incidence of chronic GvHD and CMV disease in patients with vitamin D deficiency before allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50 (9): 1217–23.
17. Wilmore D.W., Dudrick S.J. Growth and development of an infant receiving all nutrients exclusively by vein. JAMA 1968; 203: 860–4.
18. Dudrick S.J., Macfadyen B.V., Van Buren C.T., Ruberg R.L., Maynard A.T. Parenteral hyperalimentation. Metabolic problems and solutions. Ann Surg 1972; 176 (3): 259–64.
19. Copeland E.M., Macfayden B.V., Dudrick S.J. Intravenous hyperalimentation in cancer patients. J Surg Res 1974; 16 (3): 241–7.
20. Casaer M.P., Mesotten D., Hermans G., Wouters P.J., Schetz M., Meyfroidt G., et al. Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 506–17.
21. Hamilton S., McAleer D.M., Ariagno K., Barrett M., Stenquist N., Duggan C.P., Mehta N.M. A stepwise enteral nutrition algorithm for critically ill children helps achieve nutrient delivery goals. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15: 583–9.
22. Ekelund M., Qader S.S., Hallén M., Ekblad E. Effects of total parenteral nutrition on rat enteric nervous system, intestinal morphology, and motility. J Surg Res 2005; 124 (2): 187–93.
23. Ekelund M., Kristensson E., Ekelund M., Ekblad E. Total Parenteral Nutrition Causes Circumferential Intestinal Atrophy, Remodeling of the Intestinal Wall, and Redistribution of Eosinophils in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52 (8): 1833–9.
24. Buchman A.L., Moukarzel A.A., Bhuta S., Belle M., Ament M.E., Eckhert C.D., et al. Parenteral nutrition is associated with intestinal morphologic and functional changes in humans. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995; 19: 453–60.
25. Cangelosi M.J., Auerbach H.R., Cohen J.T. A clinical and economic evaluation of enteral nutrition. Curr Med Res Opin 2011; 27: 413–22.
26. Weisdorf S., Lysne J., Wind D., Haake R.J., Sharp H.L., Goldman A., et al. Positive effect of prophylactic total parenteral nutrition on long term outcome of bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1987; 43: 833–8.
27. Lough M., Watkins R., Campbell M., Carr K., Burnett A., Shenkin A. Parenteral nutrition in bone marrow transplantation. Clin Nutr 1990; 9: 97–101.
28. Hopman G.D., Pena E.G., Le Cessie S., Van Weel M.H., Vossen J.M.J.J., Mearin M.L. Tube feeding and bone marrow transplantation. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003; 40: 375–9.
29. Gonzales F., Bruno B., Alarcon Fuentes M., De Berranger E., Guimber D., Behal H., et al. Better early outcome with enteral rather than parenteral nutrition in children undergoing MAC allo-SCT. Clin Nutr 2017; 37: 2113–21.
30. Guièze R., Lemal R., Cabrespine A., Hermet E., Tournilhac O., Combal C., et al. Enteral versus parenteral nutritional support in allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl 2014; 33 (3): 533–8.
31. Seguy D., Berthon C., Micol J.-B., Darré S., Dalle J.-H., Neuville S., et al. Enteral feeding and early outcomes of patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation following myeloablative conditioning. Transplantation 2006; 82 (6): 835–9.
32. Seguy D., Duhamel A., Rejeb M.B., Gomez E., Buhl N.D., Bruno B., et al. Better outcome of patients undergoing enteral tube feeding after myeloablative conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Transplantation 2012; 94 (3): 287–94.
33. Schmidt G.M., Blume K.G., Bross K.J., Spruce W.E., Waldron J.C., Levine R. Parenteral nutrition in bone marrow transplant recipients. Exp Hematol 1980; 8 (4): 506–11.
34. Bozzetti F., Arends J., Lundholm K., Micklewright A., Zurcher G., Muscaritoli M., et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: non-surgical oncology. Clin Nutr 2009; 28 (4): 445–54.
35. Koletzko B., Goulet O., Hunt J., Krohn K., Shamir R., Parenteral Nutrition Guidelines Working, et al. 1. Guidelines on Paediatric Parenteral Nutrition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), supported by the European Society of Paediatric Research (ESPR). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41 (2): 1–87.
36. Puntis J.W.L., Hojsak I., Ksiazyk J. the ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN working group on pediatric parenteral nutrition. ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ ESPR/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Organisational aspects. Clin Nutr 2018; 37: 2392– 400.
37. Corkins M.R., Griggs K.C., GrohWargo S., Han-Markey T.L., Helms R.A., Muir L.V., et al. Standards for nutrition support: pediatric hospitalized patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2013; 28: 263–76.
38. Szeluga D.J., Stuart R.K., Brookmeyer R., Utermohlen V., Santos G.W. Nutritional support of bone marrow transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing total parenteral nutrition to an enteral feeding program. Cancer Res 1987; 47 (12): 3309–16.
39. Gebremedhin E., Behrendt C.E., Nakamura R., Parker P., Salehian B. Severe hyperglycemia immediately after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is predictive of acute graft-versus-host disease. Inflammation 2013; 36 (1): 177–85.
40. Hammer M.J., Casper C., Gooley T.A., O’Donnell P.V., Boeckh M., Hirsch I.B. The contribution of malglycemia to mortality among allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 15 (3): 344–51.
41. Sheean P.M., Freels S.A., Helton W.S., Braunschweig C.A. Adverse clinical consequences of hyperglycemia from total parenteral nutrition exposure during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12 (6): 656–64.
42. Fuji S., Kim S.-W., Mori S., Fukuda T., Kamiya S., Yamasaki S., et al. Hyperglycemia during the neutropenic period is associated with a poor outcome in patients undergoing myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transplantation 2007; 84 (7): 814–20.
43. Lapillonne A., Mis N.F., Goulet O., Akker C.H., Wu J., Koletzko B., the ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN working group on pediatric parenteral nutrition. ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ ESPR/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Lipids. Clinical nutrition. 2018; 37 (6 Pt B): 2324–36.
44. Manzanares W., Langlois P.L., Dhaliwal R., Lemieux M., Heyland D.K. Intravenous fish oil lipid emulsions in critically ill patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2015; 19: 167.
45. Lapillonne A., Carlson S.E. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and infant growth. Lipids 2001; 36: 901–11.
46. Gregory K. Update on nutrition for preterm and full-term infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2005; 34: 98–108.
47. Pastore S., Barbieri F., Leo G.D., Valencic E., Tommasini A., Ventura A. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in total parenteral nutrition dependent children: Description of 5 Cases and Practical Tips for Management. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014; 36: 440–2.
48. Pradelli L., Mayer K., Muscaritoli M., Heller A.R. n-3 fatty acid-enriched parenteral nutrition regimens in elective surgical and ICU patients: a meta-analysis. Crit Care 2012; 16: 184.
49. Mehta N.M., Compher C.; ASPEN Board of Directors. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support of the critically ill child. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33: 260–76.
50. Baumgartner A., Bargetzi A., Zueger N., Bargetzi M., Medinger M., Bounoure L., et al. Revisiting nutritional support for allogeneic hematologic stem cell transplantation – a systematic review. Bone Marrow Transplant 2017; 52 (4): 506–13.
51. Andersen S., Brown T., Kennedy G., Banks M. Implementation of an evidenced based nutrition support pathway for haematopoietic progenitor cell transplant patients. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 536–40.
52. Thompson J.L., Duffy J. Nutrition support challenges in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2008; 23: 533–46.
