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Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии. 2016; 15: 40-46

Использование метода функциональной активности тромбоцитов для диагностики тромбоцитопатий у детей

Жарков Павел Александрович, Дёмина Ирина Андреевна, Пантелеев Михаил Александрович

https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2016-15-2-40-46

Аннотация

Применение проточной цитофлуориметрии тромбоцитов с активацией (метод функциональной активности тромбоцитов - ФАТ) позволяет с высокой точностью выявить конкретный рецепторный дефект тромбоцитов, а также определить их функциональное состояние в ответ на различные физиологические стимулы. Целью исследования явились выявление нарушений тромбоцитарного звена гемостаза у детей с геморрагическим синдромом без сопутствующей коагулопатии и анализ связи между выраженностью клинических проявлений и степенью нарушения функции тромбоцитов. В исследование были включены 32 пациента в возрасте от 1 до 17 лет с различными проявлениями геморрагического синдрома, у которых по результатам первичного обследования был исключен диагноз геморрагической коагулопатии или тромбоцитопении. У всех пациентов проводили оценку выраженности геморрагических проявлений (клинический индекс кровоточивости - КИК), а также исследование функциональной активности тромбоцитов. До и после активации исследовали следующие показатели: гликопротеин 1b, интегрин aIIbß3, активная форма интегрина aIIbß3, количество и степень выхода плотных и a-гранул, экстернализацию фосфатидилсерина (ФС) мембраны тромбоцитов. Окрашивание проводили антителами PAC1, CD42b, CD62P, CD61, annexin V, а также измерялась концентрация захвата и выброса мепакрина плотными гранулами. После исследования ФАТ у 2 пациентов не было выявлено никаких нарушений, дефицит интегрина aIIbß3 был выявлен у 4 детей, различные нарушения количества или функции гранул тромбоцитов диагностированы у 26 детей, среди них изолированный дефицит плотных или a-гранул - у 8 и 4 пациентов соответственно. Комбинированные дефекты были выявлены у 14 пациентов. Выявлена прямая зависимость между КИК и степенью активации интегринов и выброса плотных гранул (p < 0,05), статистически значимой связи между КИК и изолированными нарушениями со стороны интегринов, a- или плотных гранул выявить не удалось. Таким образом, степень изменения фенотипических особенностей тромбоцитов может коррелировать с интенсивностью кровоточивости, а исследование ФАТ является привлекательным методом диагностики причин геморрагических нарушений у детей.
Список литературы

1. Streif W, Knöfler R, Eberl W. Inherited disorders of platelet function in pediatric clinical practice: a diagnostic challenge. KlinPadiatr. 2010;222(3):203-8.

2. Knöfler R, Olivieri M, Weickardt S, Eberl W, Streif W; THROMKID Studiengruppe der Gesellschafter Thrombose- und Hämostaseforschunge.V. First results of the THROMKID study: a quality project for the registration of children and adolescents with hereditary platelet function defects in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Hamostaseologie. 2007;27(1):48-53.

3. Vo KT, Grooms L, Klima J, Holland-Hall C, O'Brien SH. Menstrual bleeding patterns and prevalence of bleeding disorders in a multidisciplinary adolescent haematology clinic. Haemophilia. 2013;19(1):71-5.

4. Quiroga T, Goycoolea M, Panes O, Aranda E, Martinez C, Belmont S, et al. High prevalence of bleeders of unknown cause among patients with inherited mucocutaneous bleeding. A prospective study of 280 patients and 299 controls. Haematologica. 2007;92(3):357-65.

5. Philipp CS, Dilley A, Miller CH, Evatt B, Baranwal A, Schwartz R, et al. Platelet functional defects in women with unexplained menorrhagia. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1(3):477-84.

6. Hayward CP, Rao AK, Cattaneo M. Congenital platelet disorders: overview of their mechanisms, diagnostic evaluation and treatment. Haemophilia. 2006;12(Suppl. 3):128-36.

7. Michelson AD. Evaluation of platelet function by flow cytometry. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2006;35(1-2):67-82.

8. Bowman M, Riddel J, Rand ML, Tosetto A, Silva M, James PD. Evaluation of the diagnostic utility for von Willebrand disease of a pediatric bleeding questionnaire. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(8):1418-21.

9. Biss TT, Blanchette VS, Clark DS, Wakefield CD, James PD, Rand ML. Use of a quantitative pediatric bleeding questionnaire to assess mucocutaneous bleeding symptoms in children with a platelet function disorder. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(6):1416-9.

10. Marcus PD, NireKG, Grooms L, Klima J, O'Brien SH. The power of a standardized bleeding score in diagnosing paediatric type 1 von Willebrand's disease and platelet function defects. Haemophilia. 2011;17(2):223-7.

11. O’Brien SH. Bleeding scores: are they really useful? Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2012;2012:152-6.

12. Daskalakis M, Colucci G, Keller P, Rochat S, Silzle T, Biasiutti FD, et al. Decreased generation of procoagulant platelets detected by flow cytometric analysis in patients with bleeding diathesis. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2014;86(6):397-409.

13. Laffan M; BRIDGE Bleeding and Platelet Disorders Consortium. A whole genome approach to platelet and bleeding disorders. Hamostaseologie. 2016;36(1): 161-166.

14. Nurden AT, Nurden PJ. Inherited disorders of platelet function: selected updates. Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(Suppl. 1):S2-9.

15. Lambert MP. Update on the inherited platelet disorders. Curr Opin Hematol. 2015;22(5):460-6.

16. Leo VC, Morgan NV, Bem D, Jones ML, Lowe GC, Lordkipanidzé M, et al. Use of next-generation sequencing and candidate gene analysis to identify underlying defects in patients with inherited platelet function disorders. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(4):643-50.

Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology. 2016; 15: 40-46

Use of a platelet functional activity technique for diagnosing paediatric thrombocytopathies

Zharkov Pavel A., Demina Irina A., Panteleev Mikhail A.

https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2016-15-2-40-46

Abstract

I The use of flow cytometry of platelets with activation (platelet functional activity technique - PFA) permits to find a particular receptor defect with high precision, and also to determine their functional state in response to various physiological stimuli. The study was aimed at detection of disorders of platelet functioning in haemostasis among children with haemorrhagic syndrome without concomitant coagulopathy and to analyze relations between the severity of clinical manifestations and the degree of disordered platelet function. The study included 32 patients aged 1 to 17 years with different manifestations of haemorrhagic syndrome, in whom the diagnosis of haemorrhagic coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia was excluded according to the findings of primary examination. In all patients, we assessed the severity of haemorrhagic manifestations (clinical bleeding index - CBI), and also investigated the functional activity of platelets. Before and after activation, we studied the following parameters: glycoprotein 1b, integrin aIIbß3, active integrin aIIbß3, volume and degree of output of dense and а-granules, externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) of the platelet membrane. Staining was performed with antibodies PAC1, CD42b, CD62P, CD61, annexinV, and also concentration of mepacrine uptake and release by dense granules was measured. After examination of PFA, no disorders were found in 2 patients, integrin aIIbß3 deficiency was detected in 4 children, various disorders in the number or function of platelet granules were diagnosed in 26 children, among them isolated deficiency of dense or a- granules - in 8 and 4 patients, respectively. Combined defects were found in 14 patients. We also revealed a direct relation between CBI and the degree of integrin activation and dense granule output (p < 0.05), no statistically significant relations between CBI and isolated disorders on the part of integrins, a- or dense granules were found. Therefore, the severity of changes in phenotypic specificities of platelets might correlate with the intensity of bleeding, and examination of PFA is an attractive method of diagnosing the causes of haemorrhagic disorders in children.
References

1. Streif W, Knöfler R, Eberl W. Inherited disorders of platelet function in pediatric clinical practice: a diagnostic challenge. KlinPadiatr. 2010;222(3):203-8.

2. Knöfler R, Olivieri M, Weickardt S, Eberl W, Streif W; THROMKID Studiengruppe der Gesellschafter Thrombose- und Hämostaseforschunge.V. First results of the THROMKID study: a quality project for the registration of children and adolescents with hereditary platelet function defects in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Hamostaseologie. 2007;27(1):48-53.

3. Vo KT, Grooms L, Klima J, Holland-Hall C, O'Brien SH. Menstrual bleeding patterns and prevalence of bleeding disorders in a multidisciplinary adolescent haematology clinic. Haemophilia. 2013;19(1):71-5.

4. Quiroga T, Goycoolea M, Panes O, Aranda E, Martinez C, Belmont S, et al. High prevalence of bleeders of unknown cause among patients with inherited mucocutaneous bleeding. A prospective study of 280 patients and 299 controls. Haematologica. 2007;92(3):357-65.

5. Philipp CS, Dilley A, Miller CH, Evatt B, Baranwal A, Schwartz R, et al. Platelet functional defects in women with unexplained menorrhagia. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1(3):477-84.

6. Hayward CP, Rao AK, Cattaneo M. Congenital platelet disorders: overview of their mechanisms, diagnostic evaluation and treatment. Haemophilia. 2006;12(Suppl. 3):128-36.

7. Michelson AD. Evaluation of platelet function by flow cytometry. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2006;35(1-2):67-82.

8. Bowman M, Riddel J, Rand ML, Tosetto A, Silva M, James PD. Evaluation of the diagnostic utility for von Willebrand disease of a pediatric bleeding questionnaire. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(8):1418-21.

9. Biss TT, Blanchette VS, Clark DS, Wakefield CD, James PD, Rand ML. Use of a quantitative pediatric bleeding questionnaire to assess mucocutaneous bleeding symptoms in children with a platelet function disorder. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(6):1416-9.

10. Marcus PD, NireKG, Grooms L, Klima J, O'Brien SH. The power of a standardized bleeding score in diagnosing paediatric type 1 von Willebrand's disease and platelet function defects. Haemophilia. 2011;17(2):223-7.

11. O’Brien SH. Bleeding scores: are they really useful? Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2012;2012:152-6.

12. Daskalakis M, Colucci G, Keller P, Rochat S, Silzle T, Biasiutti FD, et al. Decreased generation of procoagulant platelets detected by flow cytometric analysis in patients with bleeding diathesis. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2014;86(6):397-409.

13. Laffan M; BRIDGE Bleeding and Platelet Disorders Consortium. A whole genome approach to platelet and bleeding disorders. Hamostaseologie. 2016;36(1): 161-166.

14. Nurden AT, Nurden PJ. Inherited disorders of platelet function: selected updates. Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(Suppl. 1):S2-9.

15. Lambert MP. Update on the inherited platelet disorders. Curr Opin Hematol. 2015;22(5):460-6.

16. Leo VC, Morgan NV, Bem D, Jones ML, Lowe GC, Lordkipanidzé M, et al. Use of next-generation sequencing and candidate gene analysis to identify underlying defects in patients with inherited platelet function disorders. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(4):643-50.