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Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии. 2016; 15: 20-26

Тромботические наложения на центральных венозных катетерах как фактор риска развития катетер-ассоциированных тромбозов глубоких вен

Федорова Дарья Викторовна, Жарков Павел Александрович, Пшонкин Алексей Вадимович

https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2016-15-2-20-26

Аннотация

Наличие центрального венозного катетера (ЦВК) является хорошо известным фактором риска развития тромбоза глубоких вен (ТГВ), особенно у пациентов со злокачественными новообразованиями. Термин «ЦВК-ассоциированный тромбоз» подразумевает наличие тромба, прикрепленного к сосудистой стенке. Однако помимо «истинного», пристеночного тромбоза стояние ЦВК в центральной вене часто сопровождается появлением на поверхности катетера так называемых тромботических наложений (ТН), не вовлекающих стенку сосуда. Несмотря на частое развитие ТН на ЦВК, данные об их клинической значимости крайне немногочисленны и противоречивы. Целью исследования явилась оценка роли ТН в последующем развитии ТГВ у детей с острым лимфобластным лейкозом (ОЛЛ), а также оценка эффективности антикоагулянтов в предотвращении развития ТГВ на фоне наличия ТН. В анализ были включены данные о 182 ЦВК, установленных 113 пациентам с оЛл в возрасте от 1 года до 19 лет. Данные были собраны ретроспективно из электронных историй болезни. Наличие ТГВ и ТН оценивали с помощью эхокардиографии и ультразвуковой допплерографии брахиоцефальных вен, которые проводили в разные сроки от постановки ЦВК по клиническим показаниям и усмотрению лечащего врача. ТН были обнаружены на 63 (34,6%) из 182 ЦВК. Частота появления ТН составила 2,71 на 1000 катетеро-дней. Отношение шансов (odds ratio) развития ТГВ у пациентов с предшествующими ТН составило 2,75 (95% доверительный интервал 1,32-5,74; р = 0,003). При применении антикоагулянтов разрешение ТН происходило в 41,2% случаев, без терапии - в 44,4% случаев, эффективность антикоагулянтов для устранения ТН также не была доказана (р = 0,598). Применение антикоагулянтов также не приводило к снижению риска развития ТГВ (р = 0,908). Таким образом, наличие ТН являлось фактором риска развития в дальнейшем ЦВК-ассоциированного ТГВ. Роль антикоагулянтной терапии в разрешении ТН не доказана. Вопрос о необходимости назначения антикоагулянтов при выявлении ТН для профилактики ТГВ также остается открытым и требует проведения крупных проспективных исследований.
Список литературы

1. Journeycake JM, Buchanan GR. Catheter-related deep venous thrombosis and other catheter complications in children with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(28):4575-80.

2. Baskin JL, Pui CH, Reiss U, Wilimas JA, Metzger ML, Ribeiro RC, et al. Management of occlusion and thrombosis associated with long-term indwelling central venous catheters. Lancet. 2009;374(9684):159-69.

3. Lee AY, Levine MN, Butler G, Webb C, Costantini L, Gu C, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of catheter-related thrombosis in adult patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(9):1404-8.

4. Boersma RS, Jie KS, Verbon A, van Pampus EC, Schouten HC. Thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous catheters in patients with hematological malignancies. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(3):433-42.

5. Debourdeau P, Farge D, Beckers M, Baglin C, Bauersachs RM, Brenner B, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombosis associated with central venous catheters in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(1):71-80.

6. Revel-Vilk S, Yacobovich J, Tamary H, Goldstein G, Nemet S, Weintraub M, et al. Risk factors for central venous catheter thrombotic complications in children and adolescents with cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(17):4197-205.

7. Athale U, Siciliano S, Thabane L, Pai N, Cox S, Lathia A, et al. Epidemiology and clinical risk factors predisposing to thromboembolism in children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;51(6):792-7.

8. Farge D, Debourdeau P, Beckers M, Baglin C, Bauersachs RM, Brenner B, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost. 2013; 11(1):56-70.

9. Rosovsky RP, Kuter DJ. Catheter-related thrombosis in cancer patients: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2005;19(1):183-202, vii.

10. Xiang DZ, Verbeken EK, Van Lommel AT, Stas M, De Wever I. Composition and formation of the sleeve enveloping a central venous catheter. J Vasc Surg. 1998;28(2):260-71.

11. O'Farrell L, Griffith JW, Lang CM. Histologic development of the sheath that forms around long-term implanted central venous catheters. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1996;20(2):156-8.

12. Forauer AR, Theoharis CG, Dasika NL. Jugular vein catheter placement: histologic features and development of catheter-related (fibrin) sheaths in a swine model. Radiology. 2006;240(2):427-34.

13. Boddi M, Villa G, Chiostri M, De Antoniis F, De Fanti I, Spinelli A, et al. Incidence of ultrasound-detected asymptomatic long-term central vein catheter-related thrombosis and fibrin sheath in cancer patients. EurJHaematol. 2015;95(5):472-9.

14. Литвинов ДВ, Карелин АФ, Романова КИ, Румянцева ЮВ, Карачунский АИ. Лечение острого лимфобластного лейкоза у детей: современные возможности и нерешенные проблемы. Доктор.Ру. 2015;10(111):30-7.

15. Motin J, Fischer G, Evreux J. Interet de la voie sous-claviculaire en reanimation prolongée. Lyon Med. 1964;40:583-93.

16. Hoshal V, Ause R, Hoskins P. Fibrin sleeve formation on indwelling subclavian central venous catheters. Arch Surg. 1971;102(4):353-8.

17. Di Costanzo J, Sastre B, Choux R, Kasparian R. Mechanism of thrombogenesis during total parenteral nutrition:role of catheter composition. J Parenter-Enteral Nutr. 1988;12(2):190-4.

18. Peters WR, Bush WH, McIntyre RD, Hild LD. The development of fibrin sheath on indwelling venous catheters. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1973; 137(1):43-7.

19. Lloyd DA, Shanbhogue LK, Doherty PG, Sunderland D, Hart CA, Williams DF. Does the fibrin coat around a central venous catheter influene catheter-related sepsis? J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28(3):345-8.

20. Crain MR, Horton MG, Mewissen MW. Fibrin sheaths complicating central venous catheters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171(2):341-6.

21. Balestreri L, De Cicco M, Matovic M, Coran F, Morassut S. Central venous catheter-related thrombosis in clinically asymptomatic oncologic patients: a phlebographic study. Eur J Radiol. 1995;20(2):108-11.

22. De Cicco M, Matovic M, Balestreri L, Panarello G, Fantin D, Morassut S, et al. Central venous thrombosis: an early and frequent complication in cancer patients bearing long-term silastic catheter. A prospective study. Thromb Res. 1997; 86(2):101-13.

23. Starkhammar H, Bengtsson M, Morales O. Fibrin sleeve formation after long term brachial catheterisation with an implantable port device. A prospective venographic study. Eur J Surg. 1992;158(9):481-4.

24. Brismar B, Hardstedt C, Jacobson S. Diagnosis of thrombosis by catheter phlebography after prolonged central venous catheterization. Ann Surg. 1981;194(6):779-83.

25. Laidlow JM, McIntyre PB, Wood SR, Bartram CI, Lennard-Jones JE. A radiological study after parenteral nutrition through silicone rubber catheters: fibrin sleeves without thrombosis. Clin Nutr. 1983;1(4):305-11.

26. Oguzkurt L, Ozkan U, Torun D, Tercan F. Does a fibrin sheath formed around a catheter embolize upon removal of the catheter? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(12):3677-9.

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Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology. 2016; 15: 20-26

Thrombotic occlusions on central venous catheters as a risk factor of development of deep vein catheter-associated thrombosis

Fedorova Darya V., Zharkov Pavel A., Pshonkin Alexey V.

https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2016-15-2-20-26

Abstract

Presence of central vein catheter (CVC) is well known as a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) incidence especially in patients with malignancies. The term «CVC-related thrombosis»is attributed to mural thrombosis that involves CVC and adheres to vessel wall. However, presence of CVC in a central vein may result in emerging not only «true»mural thrombosis but so-called_ fibrin sheaths (FS) that envelope CVC but do not involve venous wall. Despite high FS incidence data on its clinical importance are scarce. We investigate FS significance for subsequent DVT appearance. Patients and methods. We analyzed data on 182 CVC inserted in 113 patients aged from 1 to 19 years suffering from ALL. Data were collected retrospectively from electronic hospital charts. The diagnosis of DVT and FS was made by means of echocardiography (ECHO) and Doppler ultrasound scanning (DUS) of brachiocephalic veins. DUS has been performed at different time after CVC implantation depending on clinical indications and physician's opinion. Results. Incidence of FS was 2,71 events per 1000 catheter days. Presence of FS was significantly associated with DVT incidence (odds ratio (OR) 2,75, 95% confidential interval (CI) 1,32-5,74, р = 0,003). FS resolution occurred independently of anticoagulant usage (р = 0,598). Difference in DVT incidence between groups with and without anticoagulant prophylaxis after FS detecting was statistically insignificant (р = 0,908). Discussion. According to our data, FS were detected on 35% of CVC. Presence of FS was associated with CVC-related DVT incidence. Efficiency of anticoagulants for FS resolving is doubtful. The question whether anticoagulant prophylaxis of DVT should be started after FS detecting remains open. Large prospective studies are required to resolve this issue.
References

1. Journeycake JM, Buchanan GR. Catheter-related deep venous thrombosis and other catheter complications in children with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(28):4575-80.

2. Baskin JL, Pui CH, Reiss U, Wilimas JA, Metzger ML, Ribeiro RC, et al. Management of occlusion and thrombosis associated with long-term indwelling central venous catheters. Lancet. 2009;374(9684):159-69.

3. Lee AY, Levine MN, Butler G, Webb C, Costantini L, Gu C, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of catheter-related thrombosis in adult patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(9):1404-8.

4. Boersma RS, Jie KS, Verbon A, van Pampus EC, Schouten HC. Thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous catheters in patients with hematological malignancies. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(3):433-42.

5. Debourdeau P, Farge D, Beckers M, Baglin C, Bauersachs RM, Brenner B, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombosis associated with central venous catheters in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(1):71-80.

6. Revel-Vilk S, Yacobovich J, Tamary H, Goldstein G, Nemet S, Weintraub M, et al. Risk factors for central venous catheter thrombotic complications in children and adolescents with cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(17):4197-205.

7. Athale U, Siciliano S, Thabane L, Pai N, Cox S, Lathia A, et al. Epidemiology and clinical risk factors predisposing to thromboembolism in children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;51(6):792-7.

8. Farge D, Debourdeau P, Beckers M, Baglin C, Bauersachs RM, Brenner B, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost. 2013; 11(1):56-70.

9. Rosovsky RP, Kuter DJ. Catheter-related thrombosis in cancer patients: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2005;19(1):183-202, vii.

10. Xiang DZ, Verbeken EK, Van Lommel AT, Stas M, De Wever I. Composition and formation of the sleeve enveloping a central venous catheter. J Vasc Surg. 1998;28(2):260-71.

11. O'Farrell L, Griffith JW, Lang CM. Histologic development of the sheath that forms around long-term implanted central venous catheters. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1996;20(2):156-8.

12. Forauer AR, Theoharis CG, Dasika NL. Jugular vein catheter placement: histologic features and development of catheter-related (fibrin) sheaths in a swine model. Radiology. 2006;240(2):427-34.

13. Boddi M, Villa G, Chiostri M, De Antoniis F, De Fanti I, Spinelli A, et al. Incidence of ultrasound-detected asymptomatic long-term central vein catheter-related thrombosis and fibrin sheath in cancer patients. EurJHaematol. 2015;95(5):472-9.

14. Litvinov DV, Karelin AF, Romanova KI, Rumyantseva YuV, Karachunskii AI. Lechenie ostrogo limfoblastnogo leikoza u detei: sovremennye vozmozhnosti i nereshennye problemy. Doktor.Ru. 2015;10(111):30-7.

15. Motin J, Fischer G, Evreux J. Interet de la voie sous-claviculaire en reanimation prolongée. Lyon Med. 1964;40:583-93.

16. Hoshal V, Ause R, Hoskins P. Fibrin sleeve formation on indwelling subclavian central venous catheters. Arch Surg. 1971;102(4):353-8.

17. Di Costanzo J, Sastre B, Choux R, Kasparian R. Mechanism of thrombogenesis during total parenteral nutrition:role of catheter composition. J Parenter-Enteral Nutr. 1988;12(2):190-4.

18. Peters WR, Bush WH, McIntyre RD, Hild LD. The development of fibrin sheath on indwelling venous catheters. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1973; 137(1):43-7.

19. Lloyd DA, Shanbhogue LK, Doherty PG, Sunderland D, Hart CA, Williams DF. Does the fibrin coat around a central venous catheter influene catheter-related sepsis? J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28(3):345-8.

20. Crain MR, Horton MG, Mewissen MW. Fibrin sheaths complicating central venous catheters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171(2):341-6.

21. Balestreri L, De Cicco M, Matovic M, Coran F, Morassut S. Central venous catheter-related thrombosis in clinically asymptomatic oncologic patients: a phlebographic study. Eur J Radiol. 1995;20(2):108-11.

22. De Cicco M, Matovic M, Balestreri L, Panarello G, Fantin D, Morassut S, et al. Central venous thrombosis: an early and frequent complication in cancer patients bearing long-term silastic catheter. A prospective study. Thromb Res. 1997; 86(2):101-13.

23. Starkhammar H, Bengtsson M, Morales O. Fibrin sleeve formation after long term brachial catheterisation with an implantable port device. A prospective venographic study. Eur J Surg. 1992;158(9):481-4.

24. Brismar B, Hardstedt C, Jacobson S. Diagnosis of thrombosis by catheter phlebography after prolonged central venous catheterization. Ann Surg. 1981;194(6):779-83.

25. Laidlow JM, McIntyre PB, Wood SR, Bartram CI, Lennard-Jones JE. A radiological study after parenteral nutrition through silicone rubber catheters: fibrin sleeves without thrombosis. Clin Nutr. 1983;1(4):305-11.

26. Oguzkurt L, Ozkan U, Torun D, Tercan F. Does a fibrin sheath formed around a catheter embolize upon removal of the catheter? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(12):3677-9.

27. Shanaah A, Brier M, Dwyer A. Fibrin sheath and its relation to subsequent events after tunneled dialysis catheter exchange. Semin Dial. 2013;26(6):733-7.

28. Santilli J. Fibrin sheaths and central venous catheter occlusions: diagnosis and management. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;5(2):89-94.

29. Schwab SJ, Beathard G. The hemodialysis catheter conundrum: hate living with them, but can't live without them. Kidneylnt. 1999;56(1):1-17.

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