Consortium Psychiatricum. 2020; 1: 8-20
Влияние пандемии COVID-19 на уровень тревоги, депрессии и дистресса: результаты онлайн-опроса в условиях пандемии в России
https://doi.org/10.17650/2712-7672-2020-1-1-8-20Аннотация
Введение. В 2020 году пандемия COVID-19 спровоцировала разнообразные исследования, в фокусе которых оказался и сам вирус, и влияние пандемии на психическое здоровье. В результате были выявлены разнообразные психиатрические нарушения и психологические реакции: стресс, тревога, депрессия, бессонница, отрицание, стигматизация, гнев и страх.
Цели. Измерить уровень тревоги, депрессии и дистресса у населения в период самоизоляции в России, выявить факторы, связанные с дистрессом.
Материал и методы. С 22 по 27 апреля 2020 года (четвертая неделя периода изоляции) был проведен онлайнопрос населения (в основном жителей Москвы). В ходе опроса собирались социальные и демографические данные о респондентах, опыте с COVID-19, состоянии здоровья (физического и психического), отношении к пандемии и мнению о ней, потребности в психологической поддержке. Опрос включал госпитальную шкалу тревоги и депрессии (HADS), а также оценку уровня субъективного дистресса за предыдущую неделю с использованием визуальной числовой шкалы (от 0 до 10). Кроме того, респондентов просили указать причины дистресса из списка, составленного на основе информационного листка ВОЗ о главных психологических проблемах, вызванных пандемией COVID-19.
Результаты. В общей сложности было собрано 352 ответа (от мужчин – 74, от женщин – 278; возраст (среднее ± SD) – 36.81 ± 11.36 года). Большинство респондентов (n = 225, 63.92%) не имели какого-либо личного опыта, связанного с коронавирусной инфекцией. В группе преобладали нормальные уровни тревоги и депрессии. Уровень тревоги/депрессии по шкале HADS выше нормального (> 7 баллов) был отмечен у 105 (29.83%) и 59 (16.76%) респондентов соответственно; средний (95% ДИ) уровень тревоги/депрессии по шкале HADS составил 6,23 [5.77, 6.68] / 4,65 [4.22, 5.08] (женщины) и 4.20 [3.32, 5.09] / 3.46 [2.63, 4.29] (мужчины) соответственно.
Основными причинами дистресса были: 1) риск финансовых проблем в будущем (n = 267, 76.3%); 2) нарушение планов и привычной жизни (n = 235, 67.1% и n = 240, 68.6% соответственно); 3) здоровье пожилых или хронически больных родственников (n = 205, 58.6%); 4) нахождение в самоизоляции (n = 186, 53.1%).
Выводы. В популяции участников исследования уровень тревоги и депрессии во время пандемии COVID-19 не превысил нормальные значения, характерные для населения в условиях без пандемии. Проведенный анализ уровня дистресса выявил существующие эмоциональные проблемы, была обнаружена связь между уровнем дистресса и потребностью, по мнению участника, в психологической поддержке.
Список литературы
1. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20. Epub 2020/03/01. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. PubMed PMID: 32112714; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7158942.
2. Sritharan J, Sritharan A. Emerging mental health issues from the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Journal of Health and Medical Sciences. 2020;3(2):157-62. doi: 10.31014/aior.1994.03.02.109.
3. Zeppegno P, Gramaglia C, Guerriero C, Madeddu F, Calati R. Psychological/psychiatric impact of the novel coronavirus outbreak: lessons learnt from China and call for timely crisis interventions in Italy [Internet]. PsyArXiv. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: psyarxiv.com/z26yk.
4. Lima CKT, Carvalho PMM, Lima I, Nunes J, Saraiva JS, de Souza RI, et al. The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry research. 2020;287:112915. Epub 2020/03/22. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915. PubMed PMID: 32199182; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7195292.
5. Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr. 2020;33(2):e100213. Epub 2020/03/28. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213. PubMed PMID: 32215365; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7061893.
6. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5). Epub 2020/03/12. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729. PubMed PMID: 32155789; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7084952.
7. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, McIntyre RS, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020;87:40-8. Epub 2020/04/17. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028. PubMed PMID: 32298802; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7153528.
8. Kwok KO, Li KK, Chan HHH, Yi YY, Tang A, Wei WI, et al. Community Responses during Early Phase of COVID-19 Epidemic, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(7):1575-9. Epub 2020/04/17. doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200500. PubMed PMID: 32298227; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7323558.
9. Alyami HS, Naser AY, Dahmash EZ, Alyami MH, Al Meanazel OT, Al-Meanazel AT, et al. Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. medRxiv. 2020:2020.05.09.20096677. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096677.
10. Gerhold L. COVID-19: Risk perception and coping strategies. Results from a survey in Germany [Internet]. PsyArXiv, 25 Mar 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 15] Available at: https://psyarxiv.com/xmpk4. Preprint DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/xmpk4.
11. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. Substantial investment needed to avert mental health crisis. [Internet] [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/detail/14-05-2020-substantial-investment-needed-to-avertmental-health-crisis.
12. Kong X, Zheng K, Tang M, Kong F, Zhou J, Diao L, et al. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and
13. Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. medRxiv. 2020:2020.03.24.20043075. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.24.20043075.
14. Yuan R, Xu Q-h, Xia C-c, Lou C-y, Xie Z, Ge Q-m, et al. Psychological status of parents of hospitalized children during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychiatry research. 2020;288:112953. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112953.
15. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):e14. Epub 2020/02/09. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X. PubMed PMID: 32035030; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7129673.
16. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e203976. Epub 2020/03/24. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976. PubMed PMID: 32202646; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7090843.
17. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research. 2020;287:112934. Epub 2020/04/02. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934. PubMed PMID: 32229390; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7102633.
18. Wind TR, Rijkeboer M, Andersson G, Riper H. The COVID-19 pandemic: The 'black swan' for mental health care and a turning point for e-health. Internet Interv. 2020;20:100317. Epub 2020/04/15. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2020.100317. PubMed PMID: 32289019; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7104190.
19. Ru.wikipedia.org [Internet]. [Prevalence of COVID-19 in Moscow] [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Распространение_COVID-19_в_Москве. Russian.
20. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983;67(6):361-70. Epub 1983/06/01. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x. PubMed PMID: 6880820.
21. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. WHO briefing note – Mental health and psychosocial considerations during COVID-19 outbreak [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-healthconsiderations.pdf?sfvrsn=6d3578af_10.
22. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novelcoronaviru s-2019/situation-reports.
23. Shal'nova SA, Evstifeeva SE, Deev AD, Artamova GV, Gatagonova TM, Dupliakov DV, et al. [The prevalence of anxiety and depression in different regions of the Russian Federation and its association with sociodemographic factors (according to the data of the ESSE-RF study)]. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2014;86(12):53-60. Epub 2014/01/01. doi: 10.17116/terarkh2014861253-60. PubMed PMID: 25804041. Russian.
24. Hinz A, Brähler E. Normative values for the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in the general German population. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2011;71(2):74-8. Epub 2011/07/20. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.01.005. PubMed PMID: 21767686.
25. White RG, Van Der Boor C. The impact of the COVID19 pandemic and initial period of lockdown on the mental health and wellbeing of UK adults. medRxiv. 2020:2020.04.24.20078550. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.24.20078550.
26. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. Mental health and COVID-19 [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mentalhealth/data-and-resources/mental-health-and-covid-19.
27. Sorokin MY, Kasyanov ED, Rukavishnikov GV, Makarevich OV, Neznanov NG, Lutova NB, et al. Structure of anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in the Russian-speaking sample: results from on-line survey. Bulletin of RSMU. 2020;(3):70–6. doi: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.030.
28. Bethlehem J. Selection Bias in Web Surveys. International Statistical Review. 2010;78(2):161-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00112.x.
29. Pierce M, McManus S, Jessop C, John A, Hotopf M, Ford T, et al. Says who? The significance of sampling in mental health surveys during COVID-19. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(7):567-8. Epub 2020/06/06. doi: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30237-6. PubMed PMID: 32502467; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7266586.
30. The Lancet. COVID-19: fighting panic with information. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):537. Epub 2020/02/24. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30379-2. PubMed PMID: 32087777; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7138040.
Consortium Psychiatricum. 2020; 1: 8-20
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety, depression and distress – online survey results amid the pandemic in Russia
https://doi.org/10.17650/2712-7672-2020-1-1-8-20Abstract
Background. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic evoked a variety of research into the virus and its effects on mental health. A variety of mental health and psychological problems have been reported: stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, denial, stigma, anger and fear.
Objectives. To assess the level of anxiety, depression and distress in the general population during the lockdown in Russia and to reveal factors associated with distress.
Methods. An online survey was carried out from 22–27 April 2020 (the fourth week of lockdown) among the general population (mostly Moscow residents). The survey questions covered general information about people’s social and demographic characteristics, experience of COVID-19, health condition (physical and mental), attitudes and views on the pandemic, and the need for psychological support. The survey included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and evaluation of the preceding week’s subjective distress level using a visual numeric scale (from 0 to 10). We also asked respondents to specify the causes of distress, adopted from the WHO information sheet relating to the major psychological challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Results. In total, 352 responses were collected (men = 74, women = 278; age (M ± SD) = 36.81 ± 11.36 y.o.). Most respondents (n = 225, 63.92%) did not have any personal experience of the coronavirus infection. Normal levels of anxiety and depression scores were prevalent in the sample. Higher than normal levels of HADS anxiety/depression (> 7 scores) were observed in 105 (29.83%) and 59 (16.76%) respondents, respectively; mean (95% CI) scores for HADS anxiety/depression were 6.23 [5.77, 6.68] /4.65 [4.22, 5.08] (women) and 4.20 [3.32, 5.09] /3.46 [2.63, 4.29] (men), respectively.
The leading causes of distress were: 1) the risk of financial problems in the future (n = 267, 76.3%); 2) violation of plans and the disruption to normal life (n = 235, 67.1%; and n = 240, 68.6%, respectively); 3) the health of elderly or chronically diseased relatives (n = 205, 58.6%) and 4) being in self-isolation (n = 186, 53.1%).
Conclusion. The level of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in the study sample did not exceed the norm for the population in non-pandemic conditions. Our assessment of distress levels captured existing emotional problems, and distress levels were found to be connected with the reported need for psychological support.
References
1. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20. Epub 2020/03/01. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. PubMed PMID: 32112714; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7158942.
2. Sritharan J, Sritharan A. Emerging mental health issues from the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Journal of Health and Medical Sciences. 2020;3(2):157-62. doi: 10.31014/aior.1994.03.02.109.
3. Zeppegno P, Gramaglia C, Guerriero C, Madeddu F, Calati R. Psychological/psychiatric impact of the novel coronavirus outbreak: lessons learnt from China and call for timely crisis interventions in Italy [Internet]. PsyArXiv. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: psyarxiv.com/z26yk.
4. Lima CKT, Carvalho PMM, Lima I, Nunes J, Saraiva JS, de Souza RI, et al. The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry research. 2020;287:112915. Epub 2020/03/22. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915. PubMed PMID: 32199182; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7195292.
5. Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr. 2020;33(2):e100213. Epub 2020/03/28. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213. PubMed PMID: 32215365; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7061893.
6. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5). Epub 2020/03/12. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729. PubMed PMID: 32155789; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7084952.
7. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, McIntyre RS, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020;87:40-8. Epub 2020/04/17. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028. PubMed PMID: 32298802; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7153528.
8. Kwok KO, Li KK, Chan HHH, Yi YY, Tang A, Wei WI, et al. Community Responses during Early Phase of COVID-19 Epidemic, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(7):1575-9. Epub 2020/04/17. doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200500. PubMed PMID: 32298227; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7323558.
9. Alyami HS, Naser AY, Dahmash EZ, Alyami MH, Al Meanazel OT, Al-Meanazel AT, et al. Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. medRxiv. 2020:2020.05.09.20096677. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096677.
10. Gerhold L. COVID-19: Risk perception and coping strategies. Results from a survey in Germany [Internet]. PsyArXiv, 25 Mar 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 15] Available at: https://psyarxiv.com/xmpk4. Preprint DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/xmpk4.
11. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. Substantial investment needed to avert mental health crisis. [Internet] [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/detail/14-05-2020-substantial-investment-needed-to-avertmental-health-crisis.
12. Kong X, Zheng K, Tang M, Kong F, Zhou J, Diao L, et al. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and
13. Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. medRxiv. 2020:2020.03.24.20043075. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.24.20043075.
14. Yuan R, Xu Q-h, Xia C-c, Lou C-y, Xie Z, Ge Q-m, et al. Psychological status of parents of hospitalized children during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychiatry research. 2020;288:112953. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112953.
15. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):e14. Epub 2020/02/09. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X. PubMed PMID: 32035030; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7129673.
16. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e203976. Epub 2020/03/24. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976. PubMed PMID: 32202646; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7090843.
17. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research. 2020;287:112934. Epub 2020/04/02. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934. PubMed PMID: 32229390; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7102633.
18. Wind TR, Rijkeboer M, Andersson G, Riper H. The COVID-19 pandemic: The 'black swan' for mental health care and a turning point for e-health. Internet Interv. 2020;20:100317. Epub 2020/04/15. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2020.100317. PubMed PMID: 32289019; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7104190.
19. Ru.wikipedia.org [Internet]. [Prevalence of COVID-19 in Moscow] [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasprostranenie_COVID-19_v_Moskve. Russian.
20. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983;67(6):361-70. Epub 1983/06/01. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x. PubMed PMID: 6880820.
21. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. WHO briefing note – Mental health and psychosocial considerations during COVID-19 outbreak [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-healthconsiderations.pdf?sfvrsn=6d3578af_10.
22. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novelcoronaviru s-2019/situation-reports.
23. Shal'nova SA, Evstifeeva SE, Deev AD, Artamova GV, Gatagonova TM, Dupliakov DV, et al. [The prevalence of anxiety and depression in different regions of the Russian Federation and its association with sociodemographic factors (according to the data of the ESSE-RF study)]. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2014;86(12):53-60. Epub 2014/01/01. doi: 10.17116/terarkh2014861253-60. PubMed PMID: 25804041. Russian.
24. Hinz A, Brähler E. Normative values for the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in the general German population. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2011;71(2):74-8. Epub 2011/07/20. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.01.005. PubMed PMID: 21767686.
25. White RG, Van Der Boor C. The impact of the COVID19 pandemic and initial period of lockdown on the mental health and wellbeing of UK adults. medRxiv. 2020:2020.04.24.20078550. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.24.20078550.
26. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. Mental health and COVID-19 [cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mentalhealth/data-and-resources/mental-health-and-covid-19.
27. Sorokin MY, Kasyanov ED, Rukavishnikov GV, Makarevich OV, Neznanov NG, Lutova NB, et al. Structure of anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in the Russian-speaking sample: results from on-line survey. Bulletin of RSMU. 2020;(3):70–6. doi: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.030.
28. Bethlehem J. Selection Bias in Web Surveys. International Statistical Review. 2010;78(2):161-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00112.x.
29. Pierce M, McManus S, Jessop C, John A, Hotopf M, Ford T, et al. Says who? The significance of sampling in mental health surveys during COVID-19. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(7):567-8. Epub 2020/06/06. doi: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30237-6. PubMed PMID: 32502467; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7266586.
30. The Lancet. COVID-19: fighting panic with information. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):537. Epub 2020/02/24. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30379-2. PubMed PMID: 32087777; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7138040.
