Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион: экономика, политика, право. 2021; 23: 182-199
Позиция Китайской Народной Республики в отношении использования трансграничной реки Меконг: международно-правовой анализ
https://doi.org/10.24866/1813-3274/2021-3/182-199Аннотация
Бассейн реки Меконг и её притоков находится на полуострове Индокитай и объединяет территории шести государств. Меконг в своём верхнем течении (т.н. «Верхний Меконг») протекает по территории Китая (16%) и Мьянмы (2%), а в нижнем течении (т.н. «Нижний Меконг») – по территории Лаоса (35%), Вьетнама (11%), Камбоджи (18%) и Таиланда (18%). Соглашение по реке Меконг 1995 г. является единственным международным актом регионального характера, регулирующим совместное использование реки Меконг, в рамках которого учреждена Комиссия реки Меконг – главный международный институциональный механизм сотрудничества между прибрежными государствами. При этом только государства Нижнего Меконга сотрудничают в рамках многостороннего Соглашения 1995 г., а Китай и Мьянма предпочитают двухсторонние договоренности, что усложняет процесс координации по разным аспектам, таким как: производственная безопасность, доступ к чистой питьевой воде, экологическая безопасность, борьба с изменением климата, предотвращение и смягчение последствия стихийных бедствий и другие вопросы. Учитывая, что по территории Мьянмы протекает всего 2 % Меконга, то наибольший интерес вызывает именно анализ позиции Китая, который как самый мощный игрок в регионе осуществляет собственную внешнюю политику под названием «мягкая дипломатия» по всем направлениям, включая водный сектор. Благодаря выгодному географическому положению Китай активно эксплуатирует реку Меконг и её ресурсы, строит ГЭС на главном течении и притоках. Опираясь на принцип суверенного права над всеми водными ресурсами на его территории, Китай старается решать все разногласия и противоречия с соседними государствами исключительно на основе двухсторонних переговоров без вмешательства третьих сторон. Вместе с тем нужно отметить, что в последние годы Ки тай делает небольшие шаги для укрепления доверия и сотрудничества между государствами бассейна реки Меконг, так с Комиссией реки Меконг были заключены соглашения о предоставлении гидрологической информации, а также учреждены механизмы сотрудничества в бассейне Ланьцанцзян-Меконг. Следует отметить, что привлечение Китая к полному участию в общем международно-правовом режиме использования вод Меконга является критически важным. Всестороннее доверие может помочь устранить разногласия между всеми прибрежными государствами на основе взаимной выгоды и обмена информацией, что поможет обеспечить региональную безопасность и политическую стабильность в регионе.
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Pacific Rim: Economics, Politics, Law. 2021; 23: 182-199
Тhe position of the People's Republic of China regarding transboundary Mekong river utilization: international legal analysis
https://doi.org/10.24866/1813-3274/2021-3/182-199Abstract
The Mekong River basin and its tributaries are located on the Indochina Peninsula and unites territories of six states. The upper Mekong reaches (so-called «Upper Mekong») flows through the territory of China (16%) and Myanmar (2%), and the lower reaches (so-called «Lower Mekong») – through the territory of Laos (35 %), Vietnam (11%), Cambodia (18%) and Thailand (18%). The 1995 Mekong Agreement is sole multilateral regional act governing water sharing of the Mekong River, under which the Mekong River Commission was established – the main international institutional mechanism for cooperation between riparian states. At the same time, only four Lower Mekong states cooperate within the 1995 multilateral Agreement framework, while China and Myanmar prefer bilateral agreements, which complicates coordination process on various aspects, such as: industrial safety, access to clean drinking water, environmental safety, and the fight against climate changes, prevention and mitigation of natural disasters and other issues. Considering that only 2% of the Mekong flows through Myanmar’s territory, analysis of China’s water position, which, as the most powerful player in the region, carries out its own foreign policy called «soft diplomacy» in all areas, including the water sector, is of the greatest interest. Due to its favorable geographical position, China is actively exploiting Mekong River and its resources, building hydroelectric stations on the main stream and tributaries. Relying on the principle of sovereign right over all water resources on its territory, China is trying to resolve all disagreements and contradictions with neighboring states solely on the basis of bilateral negotiations without third parties’ intervention. At the same time, it should be noted that in recent years, China has taken small steps to build trust and cooperation between Mekong states, so agreements on provision of hydrological information were concluded with the Mekong River Commission, and a mechanism for cooperation in the Lancangjiang-Mekong Basin was established. It should be noted that engaging China in full participation in general international legal regime for Mekong waters utilization is critically important. Comprehensive trust can help bridge differences between all riparian states on the basis of mutual benefit and information sharing, thus avoiding regional security and political stability in the region.
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