Журналов:     Статей:        

Андрология и генитальная хирургия. 2023; 24: 59-66

Место антиоксидантов в терапии мужского бесплодия

Гвасалия Б. Р., Исаева А. В., Бабаев М. У.

https://doi.org/10.17650/2070-9781-2023-24-4-59-66

Аннотация

Проблема бесплодия затрагивает от 10 до 15 % пар во всем мире. На долю мужского фактора приходится до половины всех случаев бесплодия, при этом от 25 до 87 % случаев мужского бесплодия, как предполагают, обусловлены влиянием оксидативного стресса. Избыточная концентрация активных форм кислорода приводит к повреждению мембран сперматозоидов и нарушению целостности их ДНК, что отражается не только на вероятности наступления беременности естественным путем, но и на результатах применения вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий и риске невынашивания беременности. В данной работе представлен обзор экзогенных и эндогенных факторов антиоксидантной защиты, а также данные об их влиянии на параметры спермы и репродуктивное здоровье мужчин в целом.

Список литературы

1. Salonia A., Bettocchi C., Capogrosso P. et al. EAU guidelines on sexual and reproductive health. European Association of Urology, 2023.

2. De Ligny W., Smits R.M., Mackenzie-Proctor R. et al. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022;5(5):CD007411. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub5

3. Minhas S., Bettocchi C., Boeri L. et al. European Association of Urology guidelines on male sexual and reproductive health: 2021 update on male infertility. Eur Urol 2021;80(5):603–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.cururo.2021.08.014

4. Wright C., Milne S., Leeson H. Sperm DNA damage caused by oxidative stress: modifiable clinical, lifestyle and nutritional factors in male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2014;28(6):684–703. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.02.004

5. Fraczek M., Kurpisz M. [The redox system in human semen and peroxidative damage of spermatozoa (In Polish)]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) 2005;59:523–34.

6. Plante M., De Lamirande E., Gagnon C. Reactive oxygen species released by activated neutrophils, but not by deficient spermatozoa, are sufficient to affect normal sperm motility. Fertil Steril 1994;62(2):387–93. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56895-2

7. Henkel R.R. Leukocytes and oxidative stress: dilemma for sperm function and male fertility. Asian J Androl 2011;13(1):43–52. DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.76

8. Martins da Silva S.J. Male infertility and antioxidants: one small step for man, no giant leap for andrology? Reprod Biomed Online 2019;39(6):879–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.08.008

9. Majzoub A., Agarwal A. Systematic review of antioxidant types and doses in male infertility: benefits on semen parameters, advanced sperm function, assisted reproduction and live-birth rate. Arab J Urol 2018;16(1):113–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.013

10. Simon L., Zini A., Dyachenko A. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of sperm DNA damage on in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Asian J Androl 2017;19(1):80–90. DOI: 10.4103/1008-682X.182822

11. Henkel R., Morris A., Vogiatzi P. et al. Predictive value of seminal oxidation-reduction potential analysis for reproductive outcomes of ICSI. Reprod Biomed Online 2022;45(5):1007–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.05.010

12. Hervás I., Pacheco A., Gil Julia M. et al. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation (by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin dUTP nick end labeling assay) does not impair reproductive success measured as cumulative live birth rates per donor metaphase II oocyte used. Fertil Steril 2022;118(1):79–89. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.04.002

13. Наумов Н.П., Щеплев П.А., Полозов В.В. Роль антиоксидантов в профилактике мужского бесплодия. Андрология и генитальная хирургия 2019; 20(1):22–9. DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2019-20-1-22-29

14. Корнеев И.А. Мужское бесплодие при оксидативном стрессе: пути решения проблемы. Урология 2022;1:102–8. DOI: 10.18565/urology.2022.1.102-108

15. Yan L., Liu J., Wu S. et al. Seminal superoxide dismutase activity and its relationship with semen quality and SOD gene polymor-phism. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014;31(5):549–54. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0215-2

16. Macanovic B., Vucetic M., Jankovic A. et al. Correlation between sperm parameters and protein expression of antioxidative defense enzymes in seminal plasma: a pilot study. Dis Markers 2015;2015:436236. DOI: 10.1155/2015/436236

17. Gałecka E., Jacewicz R., Mrowicka M. et al. [Antioxidative enzymes – structure, properties, functions (In Polish)]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2008;25(147):266–8.

18. Yeung C.H., Cooper T.G., De Geyter M. et al. Studies on the origin of redox enzymes in seminal plasma and their relationship with results of in vitro fertilization. Mol Hum Reprod 1998;4(9):835–9. DOI: 10.1093/molehr/4.9.835

19. Crisol L., Matorras R., Aspichueta F. et al. Glutathione peroxidase activity in seminal plasma and its relationship to classical sperm parameters and in vitro fertilization intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Fertil Steril 2012;97(4):852–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.01.097

20. Гамидов С.И., Шатылко Т.В., Ли К.И., Гасанов Н.Г. Роль антиоксидантных молекул в терапии мужского бесплодия и подготовке мужчины к зачатию ребенка. Медицинский совет 2020;(3):122–9. DOI: 10.21518/2079-701X2020-3-122-129

21. Walczak-Jedrzejowska R., Wolski J.К., Slowikowska-Hilczer J. The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male fertilityю. Cent European J Urol 2013;66(1):60–7. DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2013.01.art19

22. Li X., Long X.Y., Xie Y.J. et al. The roles of retinoic acid in the differentiation of spermatogonia and spermatogenic disorders. Clin Chim Acta 2019;497:54–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.07.013

23. Yang Y., Luo J., Yu D. et al. Vitamin A promotes Leydig cell differentiation via alcohol dehydrogenase 1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018;9:644. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00644.

24. Zhou Y., Zhang D., Hu D. et al Retinoic acid: a potential therapeutic agent for cryptorchidism infertility based on investigation of flutamide-induced cryptorchid rats in vivo and in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2019;87:108–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.063

25. Comhaire F. The role of food supplementation in the treatment of the infertile couple and for assisted reproduction. Andrologia 2010;42(5):331–40. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.01025.x

26. Colagar A.Н., Marzony E.T. Ascorbic acid in human seminal plasma: determination and its relationship to sperm quality. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009;45(2):144–9. DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.08-251

27. Song G.J., Norkus E.P., Lewis V. Relationship between seminal ascorbic acid and sperm DNA integrity in infertile men. Int J Androl 2006;29(6):569–75. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00700.x

28. Lanzafame F.M., La Vignera S., Vicari E., Calogero A.E. Oxidative stress and medical antioxidant treatment in male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2009;19(5):638–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.09.014

29. Hambidge K.M., Krebs N.F. Zinc deficiency: a special challenge. J Nutr 2007;137(4):1101–5. DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.4.1101

30. Omu A.E., Al-Azemi M.K., Al-Maghrebi M. et al. Molecular basis for the effects of zinc deficiency on spermatogenesis: an experimental study in the Sprague-Dawley rat model. Indian J Urol 2015;31(1):57–64. DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.139570

31. Giahi L., Mohammadmoradi S., Javidan A., Sadeghi M.R. Nutritional modifications in male infertility: a systematic review covering 2 decades. Nutr Rev 2016;74(2):118–30. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv059

32. Zhao J., Dong X., Hu X. et al. Zinc levels in seminal plasma and their correlation with male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016;6:22386. DOI: 10.1038/srep22386

33. Atig F., Raffa M., Ali H.B. et al. Altered antioxidant status and increased lipid per-oxidation in seminal plasma of tunisian infertile men. Int J Biol Sci 2012;8(1):139–49. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8.139

34. Flohé L. Selenium in mammalian spermiogenesis. Biol Chem 2007;388(10):987–95. DOI: 10.1515/BC.2007.112

35. Mossa M.M., Azzawi M.H., Dekhel H.H. et al. Effect of selenium in treatment of male infertility. Exp Tech Urol Nephrol 2018;1(5): ETUN.000521. DOI: 10.31031/ETUN.2018.01.000521

36. Ma L. , Sun Y. Comparison of L-Carnitine vs. Coq10 and Vitamin E for idiopathic male infertility: a randomized controlled trial. Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022;26(13):4698–704. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202207_29194

37. Gvozdjáková A., Kucharská J., Dubravicky J. et al. Coenzyme Q10, α-tocopherol, and oxidative stress could be important metabolic biomarkers of male infertility. Dis Markers 2015;2015:827941. DOI: 10.1155/2015/827941

38. Safarinejad M.R. The effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on partner pregnancy rate in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: an open-label prospective study. Int Urol Nephrol 2012;44(3):689–700. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-011-0081-0

39. Nadjarzadeh A., Shidfar F., Amirjannati N. et al. Effect of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation on antioxidant enzymes activity and oxidative stress of seminal plasma: a double-blind randomised clinical trial. Andrologia 2014;46(2):177–83. DOI: 10.1111/and.12062

40. Lafuente R., González-Comadrán M., Solà I. et al. Coenzyme Q10 and male infertility: a meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013;30(9):1147–56. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-013-0047-5

41. Ciftci H., Verit A., Savas M. et al. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on semen parameters and oxidative/antioxidant status. Urology 2009;74(1):73–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.02.034

42. Lenzi A., Picardo M., Gandini L. et al. Glutathione treatment of dyspermia: effect on the lipoperoxidation process. Hum Reprod 1994;9(11):2044–50. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138391

43. Schisterman E.F., Sjaarda L.A., Clemons T. et al. Effect of folic acid and Zinc supplementation in men on semen quality and live birth among couples undergoing infertility treatment: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2020;323(1):35–48. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.18714

44. Ozer Kaya S., Kandemir F.M., Gur S. et al. Evaluation of the role of L-arginine on spermatological parameters, seminal plasma nitric oxide levels and arginase enzyme activities in rams. Andrologia 2020;52(1):e13439. DOI: 10.1111/and.13439

45. Comhaire F., Christophe A., Zalata A. et al. The effects of combined conventional treatment, oral antioxidants and essential fatty acids on sperm biology in subfertile men. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000;63(3):159–65. DOI: 10.1054/plef.2000.0174

46. Martínez-Soto J.C., Domingo J.C., Cordobilla B. et al. Dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves seminal antioxidant status and decreases sperm DNA fragmentation. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2016;62(6):387–95. DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2016.1246623

47. Виноградов И.В., Живулько А.Р. Докозагексаеновая кислота в лечении мужского бесплодия, вызванного высоким уровнем фрагментации ДНК сперматозоидов. Андрология и генитальная хирургия 2020;21(4):89–97. DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2020-21-4-89-97

48. Steiner A.Z., Hansen K.R., Barnhart K.T. et al. The effect of antioxidants on male factor infertility: the Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility (MOXI) randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril 2020;113(3): 552–60.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.008

49. Kuchakulla M., Ramasamy R. Re: The effect of antioxidants on male factor infertility: the Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility (MOXI) randomized clinical trial. Eur Urol 2021;79(1):159–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.08.008

50. Li K., Yang X., Wu T. The effect of antioxidants on sperm quality parameters and pregnancy rates for idiopathic male infertility: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:810242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.810242

51. Гамидов С.И., Попова А.Ю., Гасанов Н.Г. и др. Оценка влияния комплекса «БЕСТФертил» на показатели спермограммы, оксидативного стресса и фрагментации ДНК сперматозоидов у мужчин с бесплодием. Андрология и генитальная хирургия 2019;20(1):91–8. DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2019-20-1-91-98

52. Кореньков Д.Г., Павлов А.Л., Казимзаде Э.Д. Влияние препарата БЕСТФертил на репродуктивную функцию у мужчин с идиопатическим бесплодием. Андрология и генитальная хирургия 2018;19(4):54–9. DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2018-19-4-54-59

53. Smits R.M., Mackenzie-Proctor R., Yazdani A. et al. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;3(3):CD007411. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub4

Andrology and Genital Surgery. 2023; 24: 59-66

The place of antioxidants in male infertility therapy

Gvasalia B. R., Isaeva A. V., Babaev M. U.

https://doi.org/10.17650/2070-9781-2023-24-4-59-66

Abstract

Infertility affects 10 to 15 % of couples worldwide. Male factor accounts for up to half of infertility cases, with 25 to 87 % of male infertility cases thought to be caused by oxidative stress. Excessive concentrations of reactive oxygen species lead to damage to sperm membranes and disruption of the integrity of their DNA, which affects not only the likelihood of pregnancy naturally, but also the results of using assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of miscarriage. This paper provides an overview of exogenous and endogenous antioxidant protection factors, as well as their impact on sperm parameters and male reproductive health in general.

References

1. Salonia A., Bettocchi C., Capogrosso P. et al. EAU guidelines on sexual and reproductive health. European Association of Urology, 2023.

2. De Ligny W., Smits R.M., Mackenzie-Proctor R. et al. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022;5(5):CD007411. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub5

3. Minhas S., Bettocchi C., Boeri L. et al. European Association of Urology guidelines on male sexual and reproductive health: 2021 update on male infertility. Eur Urol 2021;80(5):603–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.cururo.2021.08.014

4. Wright C., Milne S., Leeson H. Sperm DNA damage caused by oxidative stress: modifiable clinical, lifestyle and nutritional factors in male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2014;28(6):684–703. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.02.004

5. Fraczek M., Kurpisz M. [The redox system in human semen and peroxidative damage of spermatozoa (In Polish)]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) 2005;59:523–34.

6. Plante M., De Lamirande E., Gagnon C. Reactive oxygen species released by activated neutrophils, but not by deficient spermatozoa, are sufficient to affect normal sperm motility. Fertil Steril 1994;62(2):387–93. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56895-2

7. Henkel R.R. Leukocytes and oxidative stress: dilemma for sperm function and male fertility. Asian J Androl 2011;13(1):43–52. DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.76

8. Martins da Silva S.J. Male infertility and antioxidants: one small step for man, no giant leap for andrology? Reprod Biomed Online 2019;39(6):879–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.08.008

9. Majzoub A., Agarwal A. Systematic review of antioxidant types and doses in male infertility: benefits on semen parameters, advanced sperm function, assisted reproduction and live-birth rate. Arab J Urol 2018;16(1):113–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.013

10. Simon L., Zini A., Dyachenko A. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of sperm DNA damage on in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Asian J Androl 2017;19(1):80–90. DOI: 10.4103/1008-682X.182822

11. Henkel R., Morris A., Vogiatzi P. et al. Predictive value of seminal oxidation-reduction potential analysis for reproductive outcomes of ICSI. Reprod Biomed Online 2022;45(5):1007–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.05.010

12. Hervás I., Pacheco A., Gil Julia M. et al. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation (by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin dUTP nick end labeling assay) does not impair reproductive success measured as cumulative live birth rates per donor metaphase II oocyte used. Fertil Steril 2022;118(1):79–89. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.04.002

13. Naumov N.P., Shcheplev P.A., Polozov V.V. Rol' antioksidantov v profilaktike muzhskogo besplodiya. Andrologiya i genital'naya khirurgiya 2019; 20(1):22–9. DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2019-20-1-22-29

14. Korneev I.A. Muzhskoe besplodie pri oksidativnom stresse: puti resheniya problemy. Urologiya 2022;1:102–8. DOI: 10.18565/urology.2022.1.102-108

15. Yan L., Liu J., Wu S. et al. Seminal superoxide dismutase activity and its relationship with semen quality and SOD gene polymor-phism. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014;31(5):549–54. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0215-2

16. Macanovic B., Vucetic M., Jankovic A. et al. Correlation between sperm parameters and protein expression of antioxidative defense enzymes in seminal plasma: a pilot study. Dis Markers 2015;2015:436236. DOI: 10.1155/2015/436236

17. Gałecka E., Jacewicz R., Mrowicka M. et al. [Antioxidative enzymes – structure, properties, functions (In Polish)]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2008;25(147):266–8.

18. Yeung C.H., Cooper T.G., De Geyter M. et al. Studies on the origin of redox enzymes in seminal plasma and their relationship with results of in vitro fertilization. Mol Hum Reprod 1998;4(9):835–9. DOI: 10.1093/molehr/4.9.835

19. Crisol L., Matorras R., Aspichueta F. et al. Glutathione peroxidase activity in seminal plasma and its relationship to classical sperm parameters and in vitro fertilization intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Fertil Steril 2012;97(4):852–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.01.097

20. Gamidov S.I., Shatylko T.V., Li K.I., Gasanov N.G. Rol' antioksidantnykh molekul v terapii muzhskogo besplodiya i podgotovke muzhchiny k zachatiyu rebenka. Meditsinskii sovet 2020;(3):122–9. DOI: 10.21518/2079-701X2020-3-122-129

21. Walczak-Jedrzejowska R., Wolski J.K., Slowikowska-Hilczer J. The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male fertilityyu. Cent European J Urol 2013;66(1):60–7. DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2013.01.art19

22. Li X., Long X.Y., Xie Y.J. et al. The roles of retinoic acid in the differentiation of spermatogonia and spermatogenic disorders. Clin Chim Acta 2019;497:54–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.07.013

23. Yang Y., Luo J., Yu D. et al. Vitamin A promotes Leydig cell differentiation via alcohol dehydrogenase 1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018;9:644. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00644.

24. Zhou Y., Zhang D., Hu D. et al Retinoic acid: a potential therapeutic agent for cryptorchidism infertility based on investigation of flutamide-induced cryptorchid rats in vivo and in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2019;87:108–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.063

25. Comhaire F. The role of food supplementation in the treatment of the infertile couple and for assisted reproduction. Andrologia 2010;42(5):331–40. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.01025.x

26. Colagar A.N., Marzony E.T. Ascorbic acid in human seminal plasma: determination and its relationship to sperm quality. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009;45(2):144–9. DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.08-251

27. Song G.J., Norkus E.P., Lewis V. Relationship between seminal ascorbic acid and sperm DNA integrity in infertile men. Int J Androl 2006;29(6):569–75. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00700.x

28. Lanzafame F.M., La Vignera S., Vicari E., Calogero A.E. Oxidative stress and medical antioxidant treatment in male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2009;19(5):638–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.09.014

29. Hambidge K.M., Krebs N.F. Zinc deficiency: a special challenge. J Nutr 2007;137(4):1101–5. DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.4.1101

30. Omu A.E., Al-Azemi M.K., Al-Maghrebi M. et al. Molecular basis for the effects of zinc deficiency on spermatogenesis: an experimental study in the Sprague-Dawley rat model. Indian J Urol 2015;31(1):57–64. DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.139570

31. Giahi L., Mohammadmoradi S., Javidan A., Sadeghi M.R. Nutritional modifications in male infertility: a systematic review covering 2 decades. Nutr Rev 2016;74(2):118–30. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv059

32. Zhao J., Dong X., Hu X. et al. Zinc levels in seminal plasma and their correlation with male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016;6:22386. DOI: 10.1038/srep22386

33. Atig F., Raffa M., Ali H.B. et al. Altered antioxidant status and increased lipid per-oxidation in seminal plasma of tunisian infertile men. Int J Biol Sci 2012;8(1):139–49. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8.139

34. Flohé L. Selenium in mammalian spermiogenesis. Biol Chem 2007;388(10):987–95. DOI: 10.1515/BC.2007.112

35. Mossa M.M., Azzawi M.H., Dekhel H.H. et al. Effect of selenium in treatment of male infertility. Exp Tech Urol Nephrol 2018;1(5): ETUN.000521. DOI: 10.31031/ETUN.2018.01.000521

36. Ma L. , Sun Y. Comparison of L-Carnitine vs. Coq10 and Vitamin E for idiopathic male infertility: a randomized controlled trial. Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022;26(13):4698–704. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202207_29194

37. Gvozdjáková A., Kucharská J., Dubravicky J. et al. Coenzyme Q10, α-tocopherol, and oxidative stress could be important metabolic biomarkers of male infertility. Dis Markers 2015;2015:827941. DOI: 10.1155/2015/827941

38. Safarinejad M.R. The effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on partner pregnancy rate in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: an open-label prospective study. Int Urol Nephrol 2012;44(3):689–700. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-011-0081-0

39. Nadjarzadeh A., Shidfar F., Amirjannati N. et al. Effect of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation on antioxidant enzymes activity and oxidative stress of seminal plasma: a double-blind randomised clinical trial. Andrologia 2014;46(2):177–83. DOI: 10.1111/and.12062

40. Lafuente R., González-Comadrán M., Solà I. et al. Coenzyme Q10 and male infertility: a meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013;30(9):1147–56. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-013-0047-5

41. Ciftci H., Verit A., Savas M. et al. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on semen parameters and oxidative/antioxidant status. Urology 2009;74(1):73–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.02.034

42. Lenzi A., Picardo M., Gandini L. et al. Glutathione treatment of dyspermia: effect on the lipoperoxidation process. Hum Reprod 1994;9(11):2044–50. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138391

43. Schisterman E.F., Sjaarda L.A., Clemons T. et al. Effect of folic acid and Zinc supplementation in men on semen quality and live birth among couples undergoing infertility treatment: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2020;323(1):35–48. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.18714

44. Ozer Kaya S., Kandemir F.M., Gur S. et al. Evaluation of the role of L-arginine on spermatological parameters, seminal plasma nitric oxide levels and arginase enzyme activities in rams. Andrologia 2020;52(1):e13439. DOI: 10.1111/and.13439

45. Comhaire F., Christophe A., Zalata A. et al. The effects of combined conventional treatment, oral antioxidants and essential fatty acids on sperm biology in subfertile men. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000;63(3):159–65. DOI: 10.1054/plef.2000.0174

46. Martínez-Soto J.C., Domingo J.C., Cordobilla B. et al. Dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves seminal antioxidant status and decreases sperm DNA fragmentation. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2016;62(6):387–95. DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2016.1246623

47. Vinogradov I.V., Zhivul'ko A.R. Dokozageksaenovaya kislota v lechenii muzhskogo besplodiya, vyzvannogo vysokim urovnem fragmentatsii DNK spermatozoidov. Andrologiya i genital'naya khirurgiya 2020;21(4):89–97. DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2020-21-4-89-97

48. Steiner A.Z., Hansen K.R., Barnhart K.T. et al. The effect of antioxidants on male factor infertility: the Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility (MOXI) randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril 2020;113(3): 552–60.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.008

49. Kuchakulla M., Ramasamy R. Re: The effect of antioxidants on male factor infertility: the Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility (MOXI) randomized clinical trial. Eur Urol 2021;79(1):159–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.08.008

50. Li K., Yang X., Wu T. The effect of antioxidants on sperm quality parameters and pregnancy rates for idiopathic male infertility: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:810242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.810242

51. Gamidov S.I., Popova A.Yu., Gasanov N.G. i dr. Otsenka vliyaniya kompleksa «BESTFertil» na pokazateli spermogrammy, oksidativnogo stressa i fragmentatsii DNK spermatozoidov u muzhchin s besplodiem. Andrologiya i genital'naya khirurgiya 2019;20(1):91–8. DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2019-20-1-91-98

52. Koren'kov D.G., Pavlov A.L., Kazimzade E.D. Vliyanie preparata BESTFertil na reproduktivnuyu funktsiyu u muzhchin s idiopaticheskim besplodiem. Andrologiya i genital'naya khirurgiya 2018;19(4):54–9. DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2018-19-4-54-59

53. Smits R.M., Mackenzie-Proctor R., Yazdani A. et al. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;3(3):CD007411. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub4