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Андрология и генитальная хирургия. 2018; 19: 60-69

Анализ потенциала фертильности мужчин с азооспермией и олигозооспермией тяжелой степени различной этиологии

Яманди Т. А., Акуленко Л. В., Сафина Н. Ю., Витязева И. И., Боголюбов С. В., Мельник Я. И., Касатонова Е. В., Поляков А. В., Андреева М. В., Черных В. Б.

https://doi.org/10.17650/2070-9781-2018-19-3-60-69

Аннотация

Цель исследования – оценить значение наличия микроделеций Y-хромосомы при прогнозировании успешности получения сперматозоидов при биопсии яичка у мужчин с азооспермией и олигозооспермией тяжелой степени.

Материалы и методы. Обследованы 109 мужчин в возрасте от 21 до 56 лет (в среднем 32,7 ± 0,2 года) с бесплодием в браке. Для выявления негенетических и генетических причин бесплодия проводили цитогенетическое, специальное андрологическое, спермиологическое и молекулярно-генетическое исследования.

Результаты. Нормальный кариотип и отсутствие делеций в локусе AZF выявлены у 75 мужчин, наличие делеций – у 34. Эти группы были сопоставимы по частоте форм патозооспермии. Сперматозоиды получены при биопсии у 47 (62,7 %) пациентов, не имеющих делеций локуса AZF, и только у 7 (20,6 %) пациентов с делециями. Выделены 2 подгруппы мужчин с делециями локуса AZF – с полными (n = 25) и частичными (n = 9). Среди мужчин с полными AZF-делециями  азооспермия диагностирована у 25 (100 %), cперматозоиды в результате биопсии получены у 2 (8 %); среди мужчин с частичными AZFc-делециями у 7 (77,8 %) выявлена азооспермия, у 2 (22,2 %) – олигозооспермия тяжелой степени, сперматозоиды получены у 5 (56 %). Затем пациенты были распределены по другому критерию: 54 пациента, у которых удалось получить сперматозоиды в результате биопсии, и 55 мужчин с отрицательными результатами. Среди пациентов с успешным результатом биопсии микроделеции Y-хромосомы обнаружены у 7 (13 %), а среди пациентов с отрицательным результатом – у 27 (49 %) (р <0,01).

Заключение. Частота получения сперматозоидов при биопсии яичка у мужчин без делеций локуса AZF статистически значимо (р <0,01) выше, чем у мужчин с делециями. Молекулярно-генетическое исследование на наличие микроделеций Y-хромосомы следует рекомендовать мужчинам с азооспермией и олигозооспермией тяжелой степени, поскольку оно позволяет диагностировать причину бесплодия и прогнозировать успешность тестикулярной биопсии.

Список литературы

1. Skakkebaek N.E., Rajpert-De Meyts E., Buck Louis G.M. et al. Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: influences of environment and genetic susceptibility. Physiol Rev 2016;96(1):55–97. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2015. PMID: 26582516.

2. Matsumiya K., Namiki M., Takahara S. et al. Clinical study of azoospermia. Int J Androl 1994;17(3):140–2. PMID: 7960188.

3. Raman J.D., Schlegel P.N. Testicular sperm extraction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection is successful for the treatment of nonobstructive azoospermia associated with cryptorchidism. J Urol 2003;170(4 Pt 1):1287–90. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000080707.75753.ec. PMID: 14501743.

4. Черных В.Б. AZF-делеции – частая генетическая причина бесплодия у мужчин: современное состояние исследований. Проблемы репродукции 2009;15(1):10–5.

5. Черных В.Б, Курило Л.Ф., Шилей- ко Л.В. и др. Анализ микроделеций в локусе AZF у мужчин с бесплодием: совместный опыт исследований. Медицинская генетика 2003;2(8):367– 79.

6. Hamada A.J., Esteves S.C., Agarwal A. A comprehensive review of genetics and genetic testing in azoospermia. Clinics (Sao Paolo) 2013;68 Suppl 1:39–60. PMID: 23503954.

7. Navarro-Costa P., Plancha C.E., Goncalves J. Genetic dissection of the AZF regions of the human Y chromosome: thriller or filler for male (in)fertility? J Biomed Biotechnol 2010;2010:936569. DOI: 10.1155/2010/936569. PMID: 20671934.

8. Suganthi R., Vijesh V.V., Vandana N., Fathima Ali Benazir J. Y choromosomal microdeletion screening in the workup of male infertility and its current status in India. Int J Fertil Steril 2014;7(4): 253–66. PMID: 24520494.

9. Poongothai J., Gopenath T.S., Manonayaki S. Genetics of human male infertility. Singapore Med J 2009;50(4):336–47. PMID: 19421675.

10. Vogt P.H., Edelmann A., Kirsh S. et al. Human Y chromosome azoospermia factors (AZF) mapped to different subregions in Yq11. Hum Mol Genet 1996;5(7):933–43. PMID: 8817327.

11. Черных В.Б., Чухрова А.Л., Бескоровайная Т.С. и др. Типы делеций Y-хромосомы и их частота у мужчин с бесплодием. Генетика 2006;42(8):1130–6.

12. Krausz C., McElreavey K. Y chromosome and male infertility. Front Biosci 1999;4:E1–8. PMID: 9889182.

13. Yu X.W., Wei Z.T., Jiang Y.T., Zhang S.L. Y chromosome azoospermia factor region microdeletions and transmission characteristics in azoospermic and severe oligozoospermic patients. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015;8(9):14634–46. PMID: 26628946.

14. Гоголевский П.А., Гоголевская И.К., Крамеров Д.А. и др. AZF-микроделеции и мужское бесплодие. Андрология и генитальная хирургия 2001;(4):73–8.

15. Черных В.Б, Руднева С.А., Сороки- на Т.М. и др. Характеристика состояния сперматогенеза у мужчин с бесплодием, имеющих различные типы делеций AZFc-региона. Андрология и генитальная хирургия 2014;15(2):48– 57. DOI: 10.17650/2070-97812014-2-48-57.

16. Hopps C.V., Mielnik A., Goldstein M. et al. Detection of sperm in men with Y chromosome microdeletions of the AZFa, AZFb and AZFc regions. Hum Reprod 2003;18(8):1660–5. PMID: 12871878.

17. Ferlin A. Speltra E., Garolla A. et al. Y chromosome haplogroups and susceptibility to testicular cancer. Mol Hum Reprod 2007;13(9):615–9. DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gam052. PMID: 17682003.

18. Oates R.D. Silber S., Brown L.G., Page D.C. Clinical characterization of 42 oligospermic or azoospermic men with microdeletion of the AZFc region of the Y chromosome, and of 18 children conceived via ICSI. Hum Reprod 2002;17(11):2813–24. PMID: 12407032.

19. Hauser R., Yogev L., Paz G. et al. Comparison of efficacy of two techniques for testicular sperm retrieval in nonobstructive azoospermia: multifocal testicular sperm extraction versus multifocal testicular sperm aspiration. J Androl 2006;27(1):28–33. DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.05055. PMID: 16400074.

20. Schlegel P.N. Testicular sperm extraction: microdissection improves sperm yield with minimal tissue excision. Hum Reprod 1999;14(1):131–5. PMID: 10374109.

21. Аль-Шукри С.Х., Боровец С.Ю., Торопов В.А. и др. Частота обнаружения сперматозоидов и вероятность осложнений после различных видов биопсии яичка (TESA, TESE и micro-TESE у больных с необструктивной азооспермией. Ученые записки СПбГМУ им. И.П. Павлова 2016;23(1):10–4.

22. Schwarzer J.U., Steinfatt H., Schleyer M. et al. Microdissection TESE is superior to conventional TESE in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia caused by Y chromosome microdeletions. Andrologia 2016;48(4):402–5. DOI: 10.1111/and.12460. PMID: 26304126.

23. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. WHO Press, 2010.

24. Foresta C., Moro E., Ferlin A. Prognostic value of Y deletion analysis. The role of current methods. Hum Reprod 2001;16(8):1543–7. PMID: 11473940.

25. Tsujimura A. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction: prediction, outcome, and complications. Int J Urol 2007;14(10):883–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2007.01828.x. PMID: 17880285.

26. Kim M.J., Choi H.W., Park S.Y. et al. Molecular and cytogenetic studies of 101 infertile men with microdeletions of Y chromosome in 1,306 infertile Korean men. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012;29(6):539–46. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9748-4. PMID: 22456825.

27. Fu L., Ding X.P., Shen M.J. et al. [Screening and clinical phenotype analysis of microdeletions of azoospermia factor region on Y chromosome in 1011 infertile men (In Chinese)]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 2012;29(2):184–7. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9406.2012.02.015. PMID: 22487830.

28. Liow S.L., Yong E.L., Ng S.C. Prognostic value of Y deletion analysis: how reliable is the outcome of Y deletion analysis in providing a sound prognosis? Hum Reprod 2001;16(1):9–12. PMID: 11139528.

29. Krausz C., Quintana-Murci L., McElreavey K. Prognostic value of Y deletion analysis: what is the clinical prognostic value of Y chromosome microdeletion analysis? Hum Reprod 2000;15(7):1431–4. PMID: 10875846.

30. Cetinkaya M., Onem K., Zorba O.U. et al. Evaluation of microdissection testicular sperm extraction results in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia: independent predictive factors and best cutoff values for sperm retrieval. Urol J 2015;12(6):2436– 43. PMID: 26706742.

31. Brandell R.A., Mielnik A., Liotta D. et al. AZFb deletions predict the absence of spermatozoa with testicular sperm extraction: preliminary report of a prognostic genetic test. Hum Reprod 1998;13(10):2812–5. PMID: 9804236.

32. Sabbaghian M., Mohseni Meybodi A., Rafaee A. et al. Sperm retrieval rate and reproductive outcome of infertile men with azoospermia factor C deletion. Andrologia 2018;50(7):1–6. DOI: 10.1111/and.13052. PMID: 29920741.

Andrology and Genital Surgery. 2018; 19: 60-69

Analysis of fertility potential in men with severe azoospermia and oligospermia of various etiology

Yamandi T. A., Akulenko L. V., Safina N. Yu., Vityazeva I. I., Bogolubov S. V., Melnik Ya. I., Kasatonova E. V., Polyakov A. V., Andreeva M. V., Chernykh V. B.

https://doi.org/10.17650/2070-9781-2018-19-3-60-69

Abstract

The study objective is to evaluate the significance of the Y chromosome microdeletions for prediction of spermatozoa retrieval during testicle biopsy in men with severe azoospermia and oligozoospermia.

Materials and methods. In total, 109 men aged 21 to 56 years (mean age 32.7 ± 0.2 years) with infertility in marriage were examined. Cytogenetic, special andrological, spermiological, and molecular genetic examinations were performed to evaluate non-genetic and genetic causes of infertility.

Results. Normal karyotype and absence of AZF deletions were found in 75 men, presence of deletions – in 34. The frequencies of pathozoospermia forms were comparable in these groups. Spermatozoa were retrieved during biopsy in 47 (62.7 %) patients without Y chromosome microdeletions and only in 7 (20.6 %) patients with Y chromosome microdeletions. The men with AZF deletions were divided into 2 subgroups: men with complete AZF region deletions (n = 25) and men with partial AZF deletions (n = 9). Among men with complete deletions, azoospermia was diagnosed in 25 (100 %), spermatozoa were retrieved during biopsy in 2 (8 %); among men with partial deletions, azoospermia was diagnosed in 7 (77.8 %), severe oligozoospermia in 2 (22.2 %), spermatozoa were retrieved during biopsy in 5 (56 %). Then the patients were divided according to another criterion: 54 patients from whom spermatozoa were retrieved during biopsy and 55 men with negative results. Among patients with successful result of biopsy, Y chromosome microdeletions were identified in 7 (13 %); among patient with negative biopsy result – in 27 (49 %) (р < 0.01).

Conclusion. Success rate of spermatozoa retrieval during testicle biopsy is significantly higher in men without AZF deletions (р < 0.01) than in men with deletions. Molecular genetic examination of Y chromosome microdeletions is recommended for men with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia because it allows diagnosing of cause male infertility and predicting.

References

1. Skakkebaek N.E., Rajpert-De Meyts E., Buck Louis G.M. et al. Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: influences of environment and genetic susceptibility. Physiol Rev 2016;96(1):55–97. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2015. PMID: 26582516.

2. Matsumiya K., Namiki M., Takahara S. et al. Clinical study of azoospermia. Int J Androl 1994;17(3):140–2. PMID: 7960188.

3. Raman J.D., Schlegel P.N. Testicular sperm extraction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection is successful for the treatment of nonobstructive azoospermia associated with cryptorchidism. J Urol 2003;170(4 Pt 1):1287–90. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000080707.75753.ec. PMID: 14501743.

4. Chernykh V.B. AZF-deletsii – chastaya geneticheskaya prichina besplodiya u muzhchin: sovremennoe sostoyanie issledovanii. Problemy reproduktsii 2009;15(1):10–5.

5. Chernykh V.B, Kurilo L.F., Shilei- ko L.V. i dr. Analiz mikrodeletsii v lokuse AZF u muzhchin s besplodiem: sovmestnyi opyt issledovanii. Meditsinskaya genetika 2003;2(8):367– 79.

6. Hamada A.J., Esteves S.C., Agarwal A. A comprehensive review of genetics and genetic testing in azoospermia. Clinics (Sao Paolo) 2013;68 Suppl 1:39–60. PMID: 23503954.

7. Navarro-Costa P., Plancha C.E., Goncalves J. Genetic dissection of the AZF regions of the human Y chromosome: thriller or filler for male (in)fertility? J Biomed Biotechnol 2010;2010:936569. DOI: 10.1155/2010/936569. PMID: 20671934.

8. Suganthi R., Vijesh V.V., Vandana N., Fathima Ali Benazir J. Y choromosomal microdeletion screening in the workup of male infertility and its current status in India. Int J Fertil Steril 2014;7(4): 253–66. PMID: 24520494.

9. Poongothai J., Gopenath T.S., Manonayaki S. Genetics of human male infertility. Singapore Med J 2009;50(4):336–47. PMID: 19421675.

10. Vogt P.H., Edelmann A., Kirsh S. et al. Human Y chromosome azoospermia factors (AZF) mapped to different subregions in Yq11. Hum Mol Genet 1996;5(7):933–43. PMID: 8817327.

11. Chernykh V.B., Chukhrova A.L., Beskorovainaya T.S. i dr. Tipy deletsii Y-khromosomy i ikh chastota u muzhchin s besplodiem. Genetika 2006;42(8):1130–6.

12. Krausz C., McElreavey K. Y chromosome and male infertility. Front Biosci 1999;4:E1–8. PMID: 9889182.

13. Yu X.W., Wei Z.T., Jiang Y.T., Zhang S.L. Y chromosome azoospermia factor region microdeletions and transmission characteristics in azoospermic and severe oligozoospermic patients. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015;8(9):14634–46. PMID: 26628946.

14. Gogolevskii P.A., Gogolevskaya I.K., Kramerov D.A. i dr. AZF-mikrodeletsii i muzhskoe besplodie. Andrologiya i genital'naya khirurgiya 2001;(4):73–8.

15. Chernykh V.B, Rudneva S.A., Soroki- na T.M. i dr. Kharakteristika sostoyaniya spermatogeneza u muzhchin s besplodiem, imeyushchikh razlichnye tipy deletsii AZFc-regiona. Andrologiya i genital'naya khirurgiya 2014;15(2):48– 57. DOI: 10.17650/2070-97812014-2-48-57.

16. Hopps C.V., Mielnik A., Goldstein M. et al. Detection of sperm in men with Y chromosome microdeletions of the AZFa, AZFb and AZFc regions. Hum Reprod 2003;18(8):1660–5. PMID: 12871878.

17. Ferlin A. Speltra E., Garolla A. et al. Y chromosome haplogroups and susceptibility to testicular cancer. Mol Hum Reprod 2007;13(9):615–9. DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gam052. PMID: 17682003.

18. Oates R.D. Silber S., Brown L.G., Page D.C. Clinical characterization of 42 oligospermic or azoospermic men with microdeletion of the AZFc region of the Y chromosome, and of 18 children conceived via ICSI. Hum Reprod 2002;17(11):2813–24. PMID: 12407032.

19. Hauser R., Yogev L., Paz G. et al. Comparison of efficacy of two techniques for testicular sperm retrieval in nonobstructive azoospermia: multifocal testicular sperm extraction versus multifocal testicular sperm aspiration. J Androl 2006;27(1):28–33. DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.05055. PMID: 16400074.

20. Schlegel P.N. Testicular sperm extraction: microdissection improves sperm yield with minimal tissue excision. Hum Reprod 1999;14(1):131–5. PMID: 10374109.

21. Al'-Shukri S.Kh., Borovets S.Yu., Toropov V.A. i dr. Chastota obnaruzheniya spermatozoidov i veroyatnost' oslozhnenii posle razlichnykh vidov biopsii yaichka (TESA, TESE i micro-TESE u bol'nykh s neobstruktivnoi azoospermiei. Uchenye zapiski SPbGMU im. I.P. Pavlova 2016;23(1):10–4.

22. Schwarzer J.U., Steinfatt H., Schleyer M. et al. Microdissection TESE is superior to conventional TESE in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia caused by Y chromosome microdeletions. Andrologia 2016;48(4):402–5. DOI: 10.1111/and.12460. PMID: 26304126.

23. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. WHO Press, 2010.

24. Foresta C., Moro E., Ferlin A. Prognostic value of Y deletion analysis. The role of current methods. Hum Reprod 2001;16(8):1543–7. PMID: 11473940.

25. Tsujimura A. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction: prediction, outcome, and complications. Int J Urol 2007;14(10):883–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2007.01828.x. PMID: 17880285.

26. Kim M.J., Choi H.W., Park S.Y. et al. Molecular and cytogenetic studies of 101 infertile men with microdeletions of Y chromosome in 1,306 infertile Korean men. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012;29(6):539–46. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9748-4. PMID: 22456825.

27. Fu L., Ding X.P., Shen M.J. et al. [Screening and clinical phenotype analysis of microdeletions of azoospermia factor region on Y chromosome in 1011 infertile men (In Chinese)]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 2012;29(2):184–7. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9406.2012.02.015. PMID: 22487830.

28. Liow S.L., Yong E.L., Ng S.C. Prognostic value of Y deletion analysis: how reliable is the outcome of Y deletion analysis in providing a sound prognosis? Hum Reprod 2001;16(1):9–12. PMID: 11139528.

29. Krausz C., Quintana-Murci L., McElreavey K. Prognostic value of Y deletion analysis: what is the clinical prognostic value of Y chromosome microdeletion analysis? Hum Reprod 2000;15(7):1431–4. PMID: 10875846.

30. Cetinkaya M., Onem K., Zorba O.U. et al. Evaluation of microdissection testicular sperm extraction results in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia: independent predictive factors and best cutoff values for sperm retrieval. Urol J 2015;12(6):2436– 43. PMID: 26706742.

31. Brandell R.A., Mielnik A., Liotta D. et al. AZFb deletions predict the absence of spermatozoa with testicular sperm extraction: preliminary report of a prognostic genetic test. Hum Reprod 1998;13(10):2812–5. PMID: 9804236.

32. Sabbaghian M., Mohseni Meybodi A., Rafaee A. et al. Sperm retrieval rate and reproductive outcome of infertile men with azoospermia factor C deletion. Andrologia 2018;50(7):1–6. DOI: 10.1111/and.13052. PMID: 29920741.